1. ATP
Adenosine triphosphate- the principal chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy. Consists of adenine, Ribose, and three phosphate groups. ADP- adenosine diphosphate, it looks like ATP but has two phosphates instead of three. When a cell has energy available it stores the energy by adding a phosphate to ADP.

2. ATP
Section 8-1
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups

3. Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

4. Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

5. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration- the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)

6. Fermentation (without oxygen)
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Alcohol or lactic acid
Fermentation (without oxygen)

7. Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Section 9-1
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

8. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

9. Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. NADH holds electrons to be transferred to other molecules. By doing this it helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell.

10. To the electron transport chain
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

11. Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation-releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP without oxygen present. Alcoholic Fermentation- Yeasts and microorganisms form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste. Lactic Acid Fermentation- pyruvic acid accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.. It Regenerates NAD so that glycolysis can continue

12. Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Lactic acid
Glucose
Pyruvic acid

13. Electron Transport Chain
Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)

14. Aerobic Respiration
Uses Oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria Krebs Cycle- 2nd stage of cellular respiration that break pyruvic acid down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions. The 1st compound formed is citric acid so Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle. Electron Transport Chain- also takes place in the mitochondria . It uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

15. Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle
Section 9-2
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

16. Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production

17. The Totals
Krebs cycle and Electron Transport chain enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule. 18 times as much ATP can be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen. So total amount is 36 ATP’s

18. Heterotroph or Autotroph
Autotrophs- organisms such as plants that make their own food. Heterotroph- organisms like animals obtain energy food that they consume.

19. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen. 6H2O + 6CO2  C6H12O6+ 6O2

20. Light and Pigments
Pigments- light absorbing molecules that plants use to gather the sun’s energy. Chlorophyll- the plants principal pigment. Two Types. Chlorophyll –a and Chlorophyll-b. Carotene- red and orange pigments that some plants contain.

21. Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption
Section 8-2
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

22. Chloroplast
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast Thylakoids-saclike photosynthetic membrane. Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana(plural) or granum(singular). Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems. Photosystems- light collecting units of the chloroplast 2 types

23. Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products
Section 8-2
Light Energy
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O
Sugars + O2

24. Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Section 8-3
Light O2
Sugars
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

25. Light dependent reactions
Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes Light dependent reactions require energy from light to produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. ATP Synthase- enzyme or protein that binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.

26. Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
Section 8-3
Hydrogen
Ion Movement
Photosystem II
Chloroplast
ATP synthase
Inner
Thylakoid
Space
Thylakoid
Membrane
Stroma
Electron
Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation

27. Light independent reactions or The Calvin Cycle
Takes place in the stroma. The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions and 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6 carbon sugar molecule. Plants use the glucose to make a polysaccharide called cellulose.

28. Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle Section 8-3 CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input
Chloroplast
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds

29. Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Thylakoid
membranes
Stroma
NADPH
ATP
Energy from
sunlight
to produce of
to produce
ATP
NADPH O2
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars

30. Click a hyperlink to choose a video. ATP Formation Photosynthesis
Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
ATP Formation
Photosynthesis
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2
Calvin Cycle
Video Contents

31. Click the image to play the video segment.
ATP Formation
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Video 1

32. Click the image to play the video segment.
Photosynthesis
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Video 2

33. Click the image to play the video segment.
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1
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Video 3

34. Click the image to play the video segment.
Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2
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Video 4

35. Click the image to play the video segment.
Calvin Cycle
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Video 5

36. Go Online ATP activity Interactive test
For links on Calvin cycle, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3082.
For links on photosynthesis, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3083.
Internet

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