1. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
8.1 Energy and Life
10/27/2005

2. What is Energy?
Ability to do work

3. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Makes their own food
Use the energy of the sun
Ex. Plants
Obtains energy from the foods they consume

4. ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate Made up of: Adenine 5 Carbon sugar (ribose)
Three phosphate groups
KEY TO STORE & RELEASE ENERGY

5. Storing Energy ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate) Similar to ATP
2 phosphate groups
Key to the way in which living things store energy
Add on available energy with a phosphate to ADP to create ATP
Analogy --> Battery

6. Releasing Energy How is the energy stored in ATP released?
Breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate group
Basic energy source of all cells

7. What is energy used for?
Carry out active transport
protein synthesis
Responses to chemical signals

8. ATP
can only pack small amounts of energy

9. Adenine P
Phosphate
Ribose
ADP

10. Adenine
Phosphate P P P
Ribose
ATP

11. 8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

12. Photosynthesis key cellular process identified with energy production
Who goes through photosynthesis?
PLANTS

13. Key Players vanHelmont Priestley Ingenhousz
Most of the gain in mass comes from water
Priestley
plant releases oxygen
Ingenhousz
Plant releases oxygen only with the presence of light

14. Photosynthesis Equation
REACTANTS
LIGHT
6CO2
6H2O +
Carbon dioxide
Water

15. Photosynthesis Equation
PRODUCTS
Sugar
Oxygen
LIGHT
C6H12O6 +
6O2

16. Photosynthesis Equation
LIGHT
6CO2 +
6H2O
C6H12O6 +
6O2
DESCRIBE WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE REACTION.
In photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.

17. Lights and Pigments Plants need Light Form of energy Pigment
light absorbing molecule
Chlorophyl
Principal pigment in plants

19. 8.3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis

20. Chloroplast where photosynthesis takes place
thylakoid membranes = saclike photosynthetic materials found in chloroplast

21. Chloroplast Granum = stack of thylakoid
photosystems = organization of chlorophyll and other pigments
light collecting units of the chloroplast

22. Photosystems 2 part process Light dependent In the thylakoid membranes
Light independent (Calvin cycle)
In the stroma
Region outside the thylakoid membranes

24. Electron Carriers Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll
electrons gain tons of energy
high energy electrons need special carriers from chlorophyll to other molecules

25. Electron Transport Chain
carrier molecule = compound that can accept a PAIR of high-energy electrons and transfer them to along with MOST of their energy

26. NADP+ One of the carrier molecules
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with H+ (hydrogen ions)
This creates NADPH
NADP+ + H+ --> NADPH = converts energy sunglight into chemical form

27. NADPH
carries high-energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions
used for synthesis of molecules

28. 2 high energy e- H+
NADP+
NADPH

29. 8.3B
11 / 13 / 06

30. Light Dependent Reactions
requires lights
uses energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

31. Light Dependent Reactions
Products
OXYGEN GAS (02)
2 energy carriers
ADP -- > ATP
NADP+ --> NADPH

32. Light Dependent Reaction
1. Photosystem II
Light breaks up H2O to have electrons, H+, and O
O2 is released into the air
H+ released into thylakoid membrane

33. Light Dependent Reaction
1. Photosystem II
e- absorb light
Creates high-energy electrons
2e- passed through e- transport chain

34. Light Dependent Reaction
2. Electron Transport Chain
2 high energy electrons provide Energy to move H+ from stroma INTO thylakoid membrane

35. Light Dependent Reaction
3. Photosystem I
Light re-energizes electrons
NADP+ picks up high energy electrons and H+
H+ + NADP+ --> NADPH (electron carriers)

36. Light Dependent Reaction
4. Hydrogen Ion Movement
More H+ are pumped across the membrane
Inside = positive ions
Outside = more negative
Importance = provides energy to make ATP

37. Light Dependent Reaction
5. ATP Formation
ATP Synthase = protein on cell membrane
Allows H+ to pass through membrane
ATP Synthase binds ADP + P+, creating ATP

38. Light Dependent Reactions
Products
OXYGEN GAS (02)
2 energy carriers
ADP -- > ATP
NADP+ --> NADPH

39. 8.3 C
11 / 14 / 06

40. Quickwrite
1. What

41. Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from Light Dependent Reaction
Product - High energy Carbohydrates (sugar, starch)

42. 6 CO2 enter the cycle from atmosphere
Calvin Cycle
A. CO2 Enters the Cycle
6 CO2 enter the cycle from atmosphere
Combine with six 5-Carbon Molecules
Result = twelve 3-Carbon Molecules

43. ATP and electrons from NADPH used
Calvin Cycle
B. Energy Input
ATP and electrons from NADPH used
12 3-carbon molecules converted to higher energy forms

44. C. 6-Carbon Sugar Produced
Calvin Cycle
C. 6-Carbon Sugar Produced
Two 3-Carbon molecules are removed
produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds for metabolism

45. D. 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
Calvin Cycle
D. 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
ATP is used
Ten 3-Carbon molecules convert back to six 5-Carbon molecules
5-Carbon molecules combine with 6 CO2 molecules to begin the next cycle

46. Calvin Cycle
It takes 6CO2 to produce a SINGLE 6-Carbon sugar molecule
Removes CO2 from air
Sugar needed for growth and development

47. Combines with six ________ molecules Results = _____________ molecules
Create a Flow Chart
6 ____ go into cycle
Combines with six ________ molecules
CO2
six 5-carbon molecules
twelve 3 carbon molecule
Results = _____________ molecules

48. ____________ molecules converted into higher energy forms
ATP and Electrons used from NADPH
____________ molecules converted into higher energy forms

49. Two __________ Molecules removed
Produces _______________________________________________________

50. ______ 3-Carbon molecules converted back to 6 __________ molecule
Cycle repeats!

51. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
shortage of water = slow or stop photosynthesis
temperature = damage or slow down how enzymes work

52. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
intensity of light = more light, increase photosynthesis
Until maximum levels are hit