1. ➢ What did you eat this morning? ➢ Why do you eat food? ➢ How does your food get its energy ? ➢ What is the process called in which organisms make their own food? ➢ What do we call organisms that make their own food?

2. There are 2 ways to obtain energy ➢ Autotrophs ● Make own food by using energy from the SUN ● Example: Plants ➢ Heterotrophs ● Get energy from eating foods ● Example: Animals

3. Autotroph or Heterotroph?

4. AdenineRibose 3 Phosphate groups Cell Energy: Cells usable source of energy is called ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

5. ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate AdenineRibose 2 Phosphate groups

6. All energy is stored in the bonds of ATP—breaking the bond releases the energy When the cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP

7. ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releases energy for cellular processes.

8. Amoeba Sisters Video  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixA8ZXx0KU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixA8ZXx0KU

9. Photosynthesis ■ Process that uses the sun’s energy, CO 2, and water to make high- energy sugars and oxygen.

10. 1. Light – radiant energy 2. Chloroplasts – organelles where photosynthesis occurs. 1. Pigments—colored molecules that help absorb light. 1. Chlorophyll -- green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy. 3. Water – source of hydrogen atoms to make glucose. 4. Carbon Dioxide – source of carbon atoms to make glucose Requirements for Photosynthesis GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 O 6

11. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants

12. General formula for photosynthesis : carbon dioxide + water + light glucose + oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

13. Photosynthesis Organelle ■ Proteins in thylakoids organize chlorophyll into photosystems.

14. Summary: Light Dependent Reaction—H 2 O is broken down and light energy is stored temporarily in inorganic energy carriers, ATP and NADPH Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Cycle)— energy is transferred from ATP and NADPH to the organic compound glucose

15. Diagram Reactants Products Light H2OH2OCO 2 O2O2 C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose Chloroplast Light Dependent Reaction Calvin Cycle NADP+ ADP + P ATP NADPH

16. Light dependent reaction happens in the thylakoid Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) happens in the stroma

17. Electron Carriers ■ Sunlight excites electron in chlorophyll ■ They need a special carrier (electron transport) ■ NADP + can hold 2 high-energy electrons and a hydrogen atom (H + ) → NADPH

18. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis (don’t need to take notes on these) ■ Water shortage- waxy coating reduces water loss ■ Temperature- enzymes have ideal temp, can be denature ■ Light intensity- affects rate of photosynthesis ■ Low intensity- slower reaction ■ High intensity- increased rate up to a limit

19. Photosynthesis OVERVIEW ■ Location ■ Chloroplast in Plants ■ Start with: ■ CO 2 (Carbon dioxide), H 2 O (water) and Sunlight (energy) ■ The 2 cycles are: ■ Light-Dependent Reaction ■ Light-Independent (Calvin Cycle) ■ Produce/Make: ■ C 6 H 12 O 6 (Glucose; sugar) and O 2 (Oxygen)

20. Video Clip  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Eo7JtRA7lg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Eo7JtRA7lg

21. PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELL RESPIRATION O2O2 CO 2 Chloroplast in Plants Mitochondria in ALL cells (Plants AND Animals)

22. How do you feel when you’re hungry and haven’t eaten? Where do you get the energy you need to keep going? What if there are no carbs? Where did the energy needed to make macromolecules come from?

23. Cellular Respiration

24. Cellular Respiration: (2 kinds—Aerobic and Anaerobic) Cellular respiration is the process by which the energy of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life processes (movement, breathing, blood circulation, etc…)

25. Cellular Respiration begins with glucose … Comes from the food you eat!! Enters cells from the bloodstream (including Plant cells) Respiration occurs in all cells.

26. Two Types of Respiration Aerobic Respiration: –Requires oxygen. Anaerobic Respiration –No oxygen needed

27. Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell Total of 36 ATP molecules produced General formula for aerobic respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy Human cells contain a specialized structure – the mitochondrion – that generates energy.

28. 3 Stages of Aerobic Respiration 1. Glycolysis (2ATP) 1 glucose molecule (6 C’s) breaks in half and produces 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3C’s each) 2. Krebs Cycle (2ATP) Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO 2 (carbon dioxide) 3. Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP) Uses electrons from Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP (ENERGY!!)

29. Diagram Glucose Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain 2 Krebs Cycle Mitochondria In Cytoplasm 232 Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2

30. Anaerobic Respiration Respiration not requiring oxygen Fermentation Only produce 2 ATP Two types of fermentation –Alcoholic –Lactic Acid

31. Alcoholic fermentation—occurs in bacteria and yeast Process used in the baking and brewing industry—yeast produces CO 2 gas during fermentation to make dough rise and give bread its holes glucose ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

32. Lactic acid fermentation—occurs in muscle cells Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles glucose lactic acid + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

33. Respiration Overview Start with: –O2 (oxygen) and Glucose (sugar) 2 types are: –Aerobic (with Oxygen) 3 stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain Form 36 ATP –Anaerobic (without oxygen): Alcoholic and Lactic Acid Fermentation Form 2 ATP

34. PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELL RESPIRATION O2O2 CO 2 Chloroplast in Plants Mitochondria in ALL cells (Plants AND Animals)

35. Photosynthesis ■ Energy Capture ■ Chloroplast ■ CO 2 and H 2 0 ■ Glucose and O 2 Cell Respiration FUNCTION LOCATION REACTANTS PRODUCTS ■ Energy Release ■ Mitochondria ■ Glucose and O 2 ■ CO 2 and H 2 0