DSS; October 13 1.List 5 major contributions that live on today that were gifts of the Roman Empire. 2.In the Eastern Roman Empire, what legal code was adopted and which emperor was its founder? How is it important to our rights? 3.What was the name of the famous church that the emperor Justinian built for the Christian religion? 4. Answer all these questions about the Eastern Roman Empire. Religion? Capital? Women’s rights according to Justinian Code?

Draw a sketch of the continent of Africa in your journals. Label everything you remember: countries, cities, mountains, deserts, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Make sure to include all elements of a map.

TermHintDefinition SahelArea of Africa that between tropics and the equator BerbersPeople of the Mediterranean coast of Africa GhanaPossibly means “warrior king” DesertificationExpansion of the desert due and loss of grasslands due to overgrazing of border lands, too much agricultural use of border lands, or by climate change Population density Number of people that live in a square mile TauregA Berber nomad

How did the growth of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai kingdoms affect trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne? Essential Question

A Satellite View

Africa: The “Tropical” Continent Tropic of Cancer 20° N Tropic of Capricorn 20° S Equator 0°

Vegetation Zones

DSS October 14th 1.What is the climate like in Arabia? 2.Describe what the Hijaz is? 3.Identify the bodies of water in the map above

African Kingdoms 400 C.E C.E.

African Kingdoms Ghana Mali Songhai Great Zimbabwe 11th -15th C.E. Swahili coast 12th -15th C.E. Many of the dates for these kingdoms are still debated

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Ghana Empire southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal First of many empires in Western Africa made possible by a shift in the economy of the Sahel which allowed more centralized states to form. Camels were important! –preceded Arabs and Islam by several centuries, brought about a gradual revolution in trade –the extensive gold and ivory resources of the region could be sent north and east to population centers in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe in exchange for salt and manufactured goods

Berbers GOLD SALT Gold-Salt Trade

Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast Ghana Empire [4c-11c]

Ghana Empire The main center of trade was Koumbi Saleh, it is thought that the modern day leather goods of Morocco were inspired by original designs by the Ghana Empire. They also used iron tipped spears in a time with others were still using stone and bones.

Ghana’s Economy & Decline The taxation system imposed by the king (or 'Ghana') required that both importers and exporters pay a percentage fee, not in currency, but in the product itself. By 1059, the population density around the empire's leading cities was too much for the region. The Sahara desert was expanding southward, threatening food supplies. While imported food was sufficient to support the population when income from trade was high, when trade faltered, this system also broke down.

After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to spread over northern Africa. War broke out and weakened the great civilization of Ghana. Local warriors then decided to break away from the power of Ghana and form their own local kingdoms. This ended many of the trade networks. Literacy grew through lessons on the Qu’ran. Islamic Mosque in Ghana

AP #1 How did Ghana become a wealthy and powerful kingdom? Describe Ghana’s economy.

The Kingdom of Ghana watch?v=3x-IwaVhnmo

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Mali Empire 1235 to 1610 Renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I who developed Mali’s gold/salt trade. The Niger River allowed for cultural diffusion of the Mali Empire such as the spread of its language, laws and customs.

Mali Empire [13c-15c] GOLD SALT

Mali Empire Contained three immense gold mines within its borders unlike the Ghana Empire, which was only a transit point for gold. The empire taxed every ounce of gold or salt that entered its borders. By the beginning of the 14th century, Mali was the source of almost half the Old World's gold.

Ancient Timbuktu

Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque

Tuaregs

Eventually the Berbers came into the area and other people came up from the south to claim territory. Mali fell.

The Kingdom of Mali watch?v=VIV3TrntOiw

AP #2 Compare and contrast Ghana and Mali kingdoms

The Bottom Line Letter to an absent student

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Songhai Empire early 15th to the late 16th Century capital --Gao, where a small Songhai state had existed since the 9th Century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present-day Niger and Burkina Faso.

Songhai Empire

Songhay Economy Economy based on a caste system. –The clan a person belonged to ultimately decided their occupation. –At the top were nobleman and direct descendants of the original Songhai people, followed by freemen and traders. –The most common castes were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. –Lower caste participants consisted of mostly non-farm working slaves, who at times were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. –At the bottom were war captives and slaves obligated to labor, especially in farming.

Sunni Ali saw that the kingdom of Mali was weakening and he led his soldiers to conquer the area. He began the kingdom of Songhay. He also set up a complex government to rule all the lands he had conquered. /

Sunni Ali died in 1492 CE. His son took over rule but he did not accept Islam as a religion. Islam was accepted as a religion by many upper class people in northern Africa. One of Sunni Ali’s generals, named Muhammad Ture, overthrew the new king and made himself king of Songhai. Ture was a follower of Islam (Muslim) and so he made Islam the religion of his kingdom. Many mosques were built of local materials.

In the late 1500s, Morocco invaded Songhai to take its rich trade routes. Moroccans had a new weapon, the gun, and the army of Songhai did not. This led to the fall of Songhai. (Photo courtesy of African Origin of Civilization by Cheikh Anta Diop)