1. Pre Class In the space provided on your notes paper, answer the following questions: Why might powerful kingdoms emerge in West Africa? How did trade affect the peoples of East Africa? How does trade encourage cultural diffusion in Africa?

2. Trading States and Kingdoms

3. The Salt-Gold Trade Trade across the Sahara based on scarcity N. Africa- salt W. Africa – gold Towns expanded to cities, and strong trading kingdoms in W. Africa

4. The Empire of Ghana Ruler = “king of gold”; “ghana = war chief Soninke – founders; controlled salt- gold trade, armed with iron tipped weapons

5. Welcomed Berbers (merchants from Northern edge of Sahara) who brought back gold to N. Africa Became wealthy from TAXING and TRADE

6. The end of an empire Invasion and Fall of Ghana 1076 – Berbers from the North captured Ghana, then split into smaller states Mandingo farmers took advantage of weakness and est. empire of Mali

7. Mansa Musa

8. Mansa Musa, cntd. 1.Increased empire’s wealth by capturing salt mines) 2.Est. a SECURE empire 3.Adopted ISLAM – hajj to Mecca made Mali famous and increased contact between the Middle East, N. Africa and West Africa

9. Timbuktu Crossroads of trade between Arabia, N. Africa and W. Africa Salt, gold, and kola nuts passed through Capital of the Mali Empire MM built the Grand Mosque which attracted Muslim scholars Intellectual and spiritual center of Africa

10. Rise of Songhai Sunni Ali captured Gao (gaw) and Timbuktu Askia Muhammad followed Islam – make Timbuktu center of learning Moroccan soldiers overpowered Songhai warriors’ spears and arrows with guns and cannons

11. Benin Forest kingdom near the Equator Delta of the Niger River Oral traditions preserved history Benin City – center of industry – Woven goods, brass, wood, ivory, bronze

12. Trading Cities of East Africa East African coast – good harbors produced small villages which grew into busy city-states Askum, Kilwa, Mombasa, Sofala – busy marketplaces Goods from the interior brought to the coast for trade – slaves, gold, ivory, animals skins Monsoon winds carried goods to and from India

13. RESULT OF TRADE Islam took root and cultural diffusion occurred (ie. Swahili - mixing African language with Arab words

14. Zimbabwe “stone dwelling” 10 th century walls – 36 ft. high/20 ft. thick – Europeans didn’t believe Africans did this!

15. Ibn Battuta Where did Ibn Battuta travel? How did his travels differ from those of Marco Polo?