1. Which factor helps explain the scientific and literary achievements of the Muslims during their Golden Age (A.D )?
A. expansion of trans-Atlantic trade
B. Innovations introduced by the Europeans during the Renaissance
C. Cultural diversity accepted by many Islamic governments
D. Legal equality of all people in the Islamic empire

2. 6. Early African Societies
Standard: Describe the diverse characteristics of early African societies before 1800 CE
Essential Question: What were the diverse characteristics of early African societies?

3. African Geography
Element: Analyze the role of geography and the distribution of resources played in the development of trans-Saharan trading networks.
Vocabulary: trans-Saharan

4. African Geography the second largest continent
stretches for almost five thousand miles
surrounded by two seas and two oceans
Africa has four distinct climate zones
the four different climate zones have affected the way Africans live

6. African Climate Zones
a mild zone across the northern coast and the southern tip
deserts in the north (the Sahara) and the south (Kalahari)
rain forest along the equator
savannas (broad grasslands) that stretch across Africa both north and south of the rain forest

8. Trans-Saharan trade trade across the Sahara
camel caravans used to transport goods

9. Distribution of Resources
Gold was mined in the western sub-Sahara
traders brought salt from the Sahara and manufactured goods from Europe and Islam in exchange for gold

10. Sudanic Empires
Element: Describe the development and decline of the Sudanic kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai); include the roles of Sundiata, and the pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca.
Vocabulary: Sudanic kingdoms, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Sundiata, Mansa Musa

12. Ghana Description: AD 700-1240
rulers in the region gained wealth by taxing traders that crossed their area
through wealth, the region developed into a kingdom where salt and gold was traded and taxed
Islam spread throughout the kingdom

13. Ghana
Decline:
Muslims eventually attacked the area disrupting trade and left the kingdom in ruins
by 1076 the leaders of Ghana lost the ability to keep the trade of the empire safe
when their power of the trade routes was gone, they also lost control of their people
by 1240 the empire of Ghana was gone

14. Mali
Description:
AD 1235 – 1599
Mali became established in the early 1200s when several kingdoms were united after the fall of the Ghana Empire
Became wealthy through the salt and gold trade

15. Mali Decline: Mali’s power began to weaken
succession to the throne was disrupted

16. Sundiata the first great leader of Mali
established a strong government (finance, defense, and foreign affairs)
made travel through the kingdom safe
reestablished a strong gold/salt trade

17. Mansa Musa Emperor of Mali who made a pilgrimage to Mecca
gave out vast amounts of gold along his way
brought back Muslim scholars and architects, who built mosques, libraries, and universities
Timbuktu became a center of Muslim culture

18. Songhai Description: 1375-1591 largest and last West African Empire
formed by the descendants of fishermen along the Niger River
took over territories from the weakened
eventually replaced Mali
well governed empire with a large military

19. Songhai Decline: Empire collapsed in 1591
Moroccan invaders with gunpowder and cannons defeated Songhai warriors

21. Which factor helps explain the scientific and literary achievements of the Muslims during their Golden Age (A.D )?
A. expansion of trans-Atlantic trade
B. Innovations introduced by the Europeans during the Renaissance
C. Cultural diversity accepted by many Islamic governments
D. Legal equality of all people in the Islamic empire

22. Bantu Migrations
Element: Identify the Bantu migration patterns and contribution to settled agriculture.
Vocabulary: migration, Bantu-speaking peoples, ironworking, slash-and-burn farming, sub-Sahara, assimilation

23. Bantu 500 BC – AD 1000 different groups of people from West Africa
shared a common culture
migrant farmers
slash and burn method
Ironworkers
animistic belief

24. Slash and Burn Agriculture
Patch of forest cut down and burned, ashes mixed into soil creating fertile garden area. Land loses fertility quickly and is abandoned for another plot

25. Bantu contribution
After hundreds of years the Bantu settled in southern Africa
introduced agriculture to areas they settled and passed through
passed knowledge of iron-working on to others

26. Religious Syncretism
Element: Analyze the process of religious syncretism as a blending of traditional beliefs with new ideas from Islam and Christianity
Vocabulary: syncretism

27. Religious Syncretism blending of religions through conquest or trade
many Africans converted to either Islam or Christianity, but also retained their local religious beliefs

28. Trade Networks
Element: Describe the trading networks by examining trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves; include the Swahili trading cities
Vocabulary: Swahili

30. Trans-Saharan Trade Sub-sahara supplied about 66% of the world’s gold
Timbuktu will rise as a leading city in the exchange of goods

31. African Slave trade
Arab traders exported slaves from Africa to Arabia and India to be used as domestic servants and soldiers
The slave trade was minor compared to the later slave trade to the Americas

32. Swahili Trade cities AD 1500
Swahili regions develop on East African coast
mixing African and Asian cultures starting in the trade centers