1. BELL WORK – Be ready to discuss! After discussing the 4 geographic zones of Africa Friday…(Rainforest, Grasslands, Deserts, and Mild Climate). How do you think these features might affect trade in early Africa?

2. Read: How Did the Sahara Trade Develop (p.129)

3. Romans introduced camels in AD 200  WHY CAMELS WHY CAMELS  Life in the Sahara Life in the Sahara 1. Why were camels essential for trade in the Sahara? Camels VS. Arabian Horses?

4. 1. Why were camels essential for trade in the Sahara? Camels could survive the harsh conditions of the desert with minimal food and water. Their feet were also well-suited to walking in the sand.

5. Read – West African Kingdoms  READ - How did Ghana begin? (Page 130)

6. KINGDOMS HISTORICAL FACTS Goods Traded

7. Historical facts first great trading empire in West Africa – AD 400s Major trading city Saleh (Map pg. 130) Important crossroads of trade routes – controlled the trade routes between the salt mines and the gold mines Traders had to pay taxes to Ghana’s king – this made the Ghana Empire rich. Well trained army - iron weapons Products Traded Iron ore Gold and Salt

8. Read – West African Kingdoms  READ – Rise of Mali (Page 131)

9. Historical facts AD 1200s conquered Ghana Created a new empire. The “Lion Prince” Sundiata Keita united the people of Mali Controlled Timbuktu and Jenne – important trading cities Mansa Musa builds mosques, libraries, and universities (Next section in the book) Products Traded Controlled the West African gold mines Built wealth on the the gold and salt trade

10. Read – West African Kingdoms  READ – How did Songhai Begin? (Pages 131-132)

11. Historical facts 1464 AD Sunni Ali leader of Songhai Seized control of Timbuktu Extended territory, took control of the Niger River, seized the Salt Mines By 1492 - largest empire in West Africa Products Traded Controlled the West African gold mines Built wealth on the the gold and salt trade

12. Read – Eastern African Kingdoms  READ – (P 132-133)  Coastal States  The Rise of Zimbabwe

13. Discuss in your group 1.How did Axum’s location help it become an important trading empire? 2.READ Coastal States - What effects do you think the Arab traders had on African trade? 3.READ The Rise of Zimbabwe – What goods were traded by coastal African merchants? 4.What goods were traded by inland African merchants?

14. Discuss in your group 1.How did Axum’s location help it become an important trading empire? Located on the Red Sea, so it was a location that connected Africa, the Mediterranean, and India. Had one of the major trading routes that connected to West African trade routes.

15. Discuss in your group 2. READ Coastal States - What effects do you think the Arab traders had on African trade?  Gave African Kingdoms access to new goods and new markets, as well as new ideas.  Spread Islam and the Arabic language

16. Discuss in your group 3. READ The Rise of Zimbabwe – What goods were traded by coastal African merchants?  Silk, glass beads, carpets, and pottery

17. Discuss in your group 4. What goods were traded by inland African merchants?  Minerals (cooper and gold), ivory, and coconut oil