Chapter 8 The Northeast-Building Industry Section One - Economic Growth California State Standards - 8.6, 8.6.1

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Beginning in the early 1800’s, revolutions in industry brought great changes to the North.

Focusing on the Main Idea New technology led to changes in the way things are made. The growth of factories and trade led to the growth of cities.

People to Know Eli Whitney Samuel Slater Francis Cabot Lowell

Vocabulary to Know Industrial Revolution * Interchangeable parts capitalism capital free enterprise technology cotton gin patent factory system

Did you know? Eli Whitney, who invented the cotton gin, was not only an inventor. At different times in his life, he was a blacksmith, a nail maker, and the country’s only maker of ladies’ hatpins.

WHat Was the North’s Economy? From colonial times, New Englanders lived and worked on farms. They created new farmland by clearing trees, which caused problems with erosion. Americans became more self- sufficient, working in their homes to make cloth and most other goods

How Did Work Change? British inventors made machines to perform some of the work in cloth making. They installed these machines in mills. The Industrial Revolution, which in the United States began around 1800, was a time when people began working in mills instead of at home. New England provided much of the necessary requirements for industrial growth.

What Words Describe the American Economy? Capitalism, the economic system of the United States, allows people to put capital, or money, into a business in hopes of making a profit. Free enterprise is a system in which people are free to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want. Workers can work wherever they wish, and businesses can compete with other businesses.

What Is Technology? The Industrial Revolution depended on new technology— scientific discoveries that simplify work—and the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny, water frame, and power loom.

Who Invented the cotton Gin? Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from the cotton fiber.

What is a Patent? A patent gives an inventor the sole legal right to the invention and its profits for a certain period of time.

How Did the Factory System Come to the North? Some enterprising workers left Britain for the United States, even though the British tried to keep them from leaving. Samuel Slater operated a cotton mill in Rhode Island after copying Richard Arkwright’s designs. Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textile mill and launched the factory system, a system of bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency.

What Are Interchangeable Parts? Eli Whitney started the use of interchangeable parts, which were identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product.

Discussion Question What effect did interchangeable parts have on the economy? (Because interchangeable parts allowed manufacturers to mass produce a product, the cost of the product decreased.)

How Did the Economy Change in the North, South, and West? In the 1820s, more than 65 percent of Americans were farmers. In the Northeast, farms tended to be small and the products were sold locally. In the South, cotton production increased as a result of the development of textile industries in New England and Europe. The cotton gin enabled planters to raise even larger crops. Western farmers north of the Ohio River concentrated on raising pork and cash crops such as corn and wheat. Southern farmers also moved west to plant cotton.

How Did Industry Grow? Small investors financed most new industries. Cities and towns grew with the growth of new industry. New cities began on rivers and streams, and old cities became trade centers.

How Were Cities Different? Cities looked different from those of today. Buildings were made of wood or brick, and streets and sidewalks were unpaved. Waste, dirty water, and fires were threats to people living in cities.

Discussion Question What were the benefits and drawbacks of living in a city in the early 1800s? (Cities added libraries, museums, and shops that were unavailable in the country. Jobs were also available in cities. The drawbacks included danger of disease, such as cholera and yellow fever, and fires.)

Section 1 Review pg 387 1. Describe the reasons New England was ideal for the development of factories. 2. How did farming in the Northeast differ from that in the South? 4. Was new technology necessary for the Industrial Revolution? Explain 5. How did the cotton gin affect cotton production?