LATIN II Subjunctive Mood I

Indicative vs. Subjunctive So far we have been using the indicative mood. It is the mood of fact and actualitySo far we have been using the indicative mood. It is the mood of fact and actuality. The subjunctive mood is one of possibility, hypothetical, conditional, conjecture.The subjunctive mood is one of possibility, hypothetical, conditional, conjecture.

Subnjunctive in English Generally, the subjunctive mood is translated with words like should, could, would, might, may in English but the Romans are very specific about its use.Generally, the subjunctive mood is translated with words like should, could, would, might, may in English but the Romans are very specific about its use.

Latin Subjunctive Rather than over compare the Latin subjunctive to English, it is best to learn where the Romans prefer the subjunctive use. This is an area where Latin and English differ in mood usage.Rather than over compare the Latin subjunctive to English, it is best to learn where the Romans prefer the subjunctive use. This is an area where Latin and English differ in mood usage.

Latin Subjunctive: tenses The subjunctive mood has 4 tenses in the active and passive voices:The subjunctive mood has 4 tenses in the active and passive voices: –Present –Imperfect –Perfect –Pluperfect

Latin Subjunctive: tenses There is no future or future perfect subjunctive since the mood itself is futuristic.There is no future or future perfect subjunctive since the mood itself is futuristic.

Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the personal endings onto the end of the present infinitive of the verb (2nd principal part). This even works for esse (the verb “to be”).The imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the personal endings onto the end of the present infinitive of the verb (2nd principal part). This even works for esse (the verb “to be”).

Imperfect Subjunctive - sum Imperfect subjunctive of sumImperfect subjunctive of sum –ESSEM –ESSES –ESSET –ESSEMUS –ESSETIS –ESSENT

Imperfect Subjunctive - formula The infinitive of the verb plus…The infinitive of the verb plus… –m –s –t –mus –tis –nt

Imperfect Subjunctive – amo amo, amareamo, amare –amarem –amares –amaret –amaremus –amaretis –amarent

Imperfect Subjunctive - moneo moneo, monere –monerem –moneres –moneret –moneremus –moneretis –monerent

Imperfect Subjunctive - rego rego, regere –regerem –regeres –regeret –regeremus –regeretis –regerent

Imperfect subjunctive - audio audio, audire –audirem –audires –audiret –audiremus –audiretis –audirent

Imperfect Subjunctive Passive– amo amo, amareamo, amare –amarer –amareris –amaretur –amaremur –amaremini –amarentur To form the imperfect passive just use the passive endings instead of the active.

Subjunctive – ut clauses A common use of the subjunctive in Latin is the result clause. The result for “whatever is stated in the main” is in the subjunctive. Look for the Latin word UT to divide the sentence or UT…NON for a negative. See the following example.A common use of the subjunctive in Latin is the result clause. The result for “whatever is stated in the main” is in the subjunctive. Look for the Latin word UT to divide the sentence or UT…NON for a negative. See the following example.

Subjunctive – Result clauses Result ClauseResult Clause –The journey was so long that as a result the boy was tired. –Iter tam longum erat ut puer esset defessus. –An “ut” clause has its verb in the subjunctive; negative is “ut….non.”