1925 ‘THE NEW NEGRO’ AND HARLEM RENAISSANCE

OUTLINE African-American leadership Booker T. Washington W.E.B Du Bois Marcus Garvey Great Migration Great Migration: The African-American Exodus North (NPR) Harlem Renaissance What was the Harlem Renaissance? Music Ku Klux Klan Birth of a Nation

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON (1856 – 1915) Born into slavery in Virginia Educated at Hampton Institute Founding leader of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama Won the trust of white Southerners and Northern philanthropists to make Tuskegee a model school of industrial education

ADDRESS AT ATLANTA EXPOSITION (1895) Invited to speak on race relations before a predominately white audience at the Cotton States and International Exposition Speech was an articulation of his educational philosophy and “accomodationist” strategy Publicly accepted disenfranchisement and social segregation, as long as whites would allow black economic progress, educational opportunity and justice in the courts Argued that economic progress should precede full political equality Argued that equality was achieved through hard work and self-improvement

W.E.B DU BOIS (1868 – 1963) Born in Massachusetts Educated at Fisk and Harvard (first African American to earn a doctorate) Professor of History, Sociology and Economics at Atlanta University Co-founder of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909

DU BOIS’ EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY Respected Washington as one of the leading black educators, but opposed his Atlanta ‘Compromise’ and his gradualist approach Believed that African Americans should enjoy full civil rights and increased political representation – argued that Washington’s stance “practically accepts the alleged inferiority of the Negro races” Argued that black schools should offer a liberal arts curriculum in order to develop African-American leadership (the ‘talented tenth’) instead of limiting themselves to industrial education Proponent of pan-Africanist approach

MARCUS GARVEY (1887 – 1940) Born in Jamaica Founder of Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914 – 2 million members by 1919 Moved to Harlem in 1916, but travelled across America Founded Black Star Line in 1919 to provide transportation to Africa, and Negro Factories Corporation to encourage black economic independence

MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIA Goals of UNIA: racial unity, economic independence, educational achievement, moral reform Garvey did not believe that equality could be achieved through integration, and advocated racial separatism Advocated black pride, self-help and unity among people of African descent Willing to collaborate with the Ku Klux Klan because they were both proponents of racial separatism and opponents of miscegenation

THE GREAT MIGRATION (1915 – 1970) 1910: 75% African Americans lived on farms and 90% lived in the South During 1910s and 1920s, Chicago’s black population grew by 148%; Cleveland’s by 307%; Detroit’s by 611% Confined to all-black neighbourhoods, African Americans created cities- within-cities e.g. Harlem in New York

KU KLUX KLAN, WASHINGTON D.C., 1925

Aaron Douglas ASPIRATION (1936)

Aaron Douglas IDYLL OF THE DEEP SOUTH

KU KLUX KLAN, WASHINGTON D.C, 1925