1. African Americans and Women During the Progressive Era

2. Industrialization led to smaller families and greater opportunities for women to work outside of the home Jobs were mainly in the textile industry, although women also worked as telephone operators, secretaries and typists. Women’s universities opened throughout the nation.

3. International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union

4. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 1911 Windows, doors and fire exits were blocked 146 women died Led to greater reforms in the conditions of garment factories in NY

5. Mother Jones continued to work for the rights of railroad workers and coal miners.

6. Political Rights 1900- Carrie Chapman Catt became president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association – Argued that if women were given the right to vote, they could support Wilson’s causes – Catt eventually formed the League of Women Voters Alice Paul broke from NAWSA to form the National Women’s Party – More militant – Picketing, hunger strikes – Eventually began advocating for passage of the ERA

11. 19 th Amendment 1920 Supported by Wilson Granted women suffrage

13. Other issues Margaret Sanger advocated birth control education (movement evolved into Planned Parenthood) Educational equality More liberal marriage and divorce laws Property rights Reducing discrimination in business and the professions

14. African Americans 1896- Plessy v. Ferguson Segregation Loss of political rights (poll taxes, literacy tests, etc.) Violence/lynchings Many progressives ignored the plight of African Americans

15. Wilson issued an executive order to segregate federal buildings Birth of a Nation- glamorized the KKK

16. “Colored Troops Disembarking,” 1898 Edison film during the Spanish American War http://www.loc.gov/item/00694179/

17. “Do the colored people of the United States deserve equal consideration with the Cuban people at the hands of your administration, and shall they, though late, receive it?” -I.D. Barnett et. al, Open Letter to President McKinley by Colored People of Massachusetts, October 3, 1899 “If it is a white man’s government, and we grant it is, let him take care of it. The Negro has no flag to defend.” -Missionary Department of the Atlanta, Georgia, A.M.E. Church, “The Negro Should Not Enter the Army,” May 1, 1899

18. Ida B. Wells -Fought for African American rights -Wrote articles against lynching -Opposed Booker T. Washington’s policy of accommodation

19. Laboratory at Tuskegee Institute, 1902

20. Booker T. Washington Head of the Tuskegee Institute Most influential African American at the turn of the century Atlanta Exposition Speech (1895) Continued to argue that African Americans needed the skills necessary to work within the white world- “accommodation”

22. W.E.B. Du Bois Distinguished scholar and writer The Souls of Black Folk (1903) Demanded equal rights While Booker T. Washington took a pragmatic approach to economic advancement, Du Bois was more militant – This would frame the debate throughout the 20 th century

23. Niagara Movement 1905 W.E.B. Du Bois held a meeting in Niagara Falls Believed that African Americans should demand social and political equality 1908 Group joined with other African Americans and whites to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

24. National Urban League Formed 1911 Helped African Americans migrating from the South to the North Emphasized self-reliance and economic advancement

25. Marcus Garvey Born in Jamaica Moved to America in 1916 -Formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association -it became an international organization -emphasized racial pride and economic empowerment -known for “back to Africa” movement -deported in 1927

26. Great Migration 1910-1930 Millions of African Americans moved from the South to northern cities in search of jobs and a better life Reasons- deteriorating race relations in the south; destruction of the cotton crop by the boll weevil; job opportunities especially during WWI The fight against discrimination was just as difficult in the North Various cities experienced race riots (Chicago 1919)