BIO 11 Diversity of Living Things p.326 Biology 11

Taxonomy  Taxonomy: science of classifying organisms  Why bother classifying?  To identify organisms  To show how organisms are related

Once upon a time….  Aristotle’s classification system: Plant or Animal CharacteristicPhotosynthesisMoves Plant Animal  p. 327 “Try This Activity”

There were some organisms that didn’t seem to fit in either of Aristotle’s categories There were some organisms that didn’t seem to fit in either of Aristotle’s categories Coral Sponges Euglena

Now what?  The invention of the microscope in the 17 th century further complicated things.  Microrganisms i.e. bacteria neither plants nor animals  Classification system needed to be improved…

Classification systems continue to evolve as new discoveries are made

p.329 Biology 11  Currently, all organisms are divided into 6 kingdoms  Using p , list the 6 kingdoms and give 2 examples of each

The 6 Kingdoms 1.Eubacteria i.e. bacteria, cyanobacteria 2.Archaebacteria i.e. methanogens, extreme halophiles 3.Protista i.e. algae, protozoa 4.Fungi i.e. mushrooms, yeasts 5.Plantae i.e. ferns, flowering plants 6.Animalia i.e. mammals, spiders

 In the Eukaryota domain, kingdom Protista has the most biological diversity  Biological diversity: variety of living organisms

Levels of Classification  7 taxa / levels:  Kingdom is the largest taxon and most vast and non- specific  Species is the smallest and most specific taxon  How to remember?

Taxonomic Systems  Carl Linnaeus pioneered current classification system.  More physical and structural features organisms have in common, the more closely related they are  Linnaeus invented binomial nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature  2-word scientific naming system that names organisms using format “Genus species”.  Uses Latin words  Genus is capitalized, species is not i.e. Castor canadensis = beaver Felix domesticus = pet cat

 Genus: Biological group of species that are closely related  Species: Group of organisms that can reproduce among themselves and produce fertile offspring  i.e. ligers (from cross of lion + tiger) males are sterile; lions and tigers are different species  i.e. mules (from donkey + horse) are sterile; donkeys and horses are different species

Benefits of Binomial Naming System  Why is it useful for people around the world to use the same name for organisms?  Compare the names of:  Grizzly bear = Ursus horribilis  Polar bear = Ursus maritimus  What does it mean that these organisms belong to the same genus?

Assignment 1.p.334 # 2, 5 2.Namus gamus Assignment – due ?

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote  Prokaryote: an organism who does not have a nuclear membrane  Fewer organelles than eukaryotes  Kingdoms: (eu)bacteria, archaebacteria  Eukaryote: an organism who has a nuclear membrane  Kingdoms: protists, fungi, plants, animals