Most abundant organic molecules in the body and have the widest variety of functions. (ex: framework for hair, transporting oxygen in the blood) _____________ (speed) up reactions occurring in the body. Organize and facilitate all metabolic processes. Made of_____, _____, _____, and nitrogen (can also include sulfur, iron, or phosphorus) Building blocks of proteins are ___________ ________. The amino acid sequence is what makes each protein unique and defines the protein’s function. Central carbon is attached to hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain. Side chain defines the amino acid Proteins

PROTEINS 20 different amino acids used by the body: Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine Amino acids link together via dehydration synthesis reactions. Carboxyl group of one amino acid links with the amino group of another amino acid via a peptide bond. _____peptide: 2 amino acids _____peptide: 3 amino acids in a chain _____peptide: 10 or more amino acids in a chain __________: 100+ amino acids chained together PROTEINS

Shape of protein directly determines its function. Structure is described in four levels: _________ Structure- sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form the peptide chain. ____________ Structure- the natural bend of parts of the peptide chain as it is formed in three dimensions. _____________ Structure- overall shape of a single protein molecule. ______________Structure- when two or more tertiary structures join to form a complex macromolecule. Structure of Proteins

Structural Proteins Functional Proteins Stable, rigid, water-insoluble proteins with a long, stringy shape that are used for adding _____________ to tissues or cells. Aka ___________ proteins Important in structural framework and physical movement. Examples include: collagen, fibrin, and keratin Functional Proteins Generally water-soluble with a 3-D, convoluted shape that can change under different circumstances. Aka ____________ proteins Important in chemical reactions, transport of molecules, regulation of metabolism, and immune system. Examples include: Hormones, Antibodies, Protein-based hormones, Enzymes

Functional proteins that ___________ or speed up chemical reactions. Will end in –ase Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction without being destroyed or altered. Enzymes are specific to the reaction that they cataylze and to the ______________ that the enzyme acts upon. Fit like a lock and key Enzymes

Nucleic Acids Largest molecules of the body Composed of ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ 2 classes of Nucleic Acids _______________________________ (DNA) Exists mainly in the nucleus but also mitochondria. Contains all instructions needed by cell to build proteins. Instructions determine the shape and function of every living organism Coded in segments called __________ _______________________________ (RNA) Transfers the instructions out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm and builds proteins. Exists as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides The molecular building blocks of nucleic acids. 5 different nucleotides, but all have the same basic structure: sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Are all composed of a 5-Carbon pentose sugar. Sugar in DNA is _____________. Sugar in RNA is _____________. Nucleotides are named for their nitrogen base. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), (Thymine), and Uracil (U) A,G,C = DNA & RNA T = DNA only U = RNA only Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids Information needed to produce proteins is based on order of the nucleotides in DNA and RNA. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that carries the information to make one peptide chain. Long chains of genes are combined with proteins to form _________________.

Consists of two parallel strands of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Connected by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides. Adenine/Thymine and Cytosine/Guanine Once bound, these two strands twist around one another to form a double ___________. Order of nucleotides is what makes the genetic code of each individual unique. This code is carried in the nucleus of every cell in the body DNA

RNA Exists in three forms: Consists of only one strand of nucleotides. Does not have thymine, but instead has uracil. Pairings are: Guanine/ Cytosine Adenine/ Uracil Exists in three forms: tRNA- _____________ RNA Copies information in the DNA molecule mRNA- ____________ RNA Carries information out of the nucleus rRNA- _____________ RNA Creates the proteins needed by the body RNA

ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) = energy currency of the cells. Cells need ATP to fuel any work that they do. ATP is an RNA nucleotide containing the nitrogenous base adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached. The bonds between the phosphate groups are called high-energy bonds. When bonds between phosphate groups are broken, energy is released. When phosphate group is lost, resulting molecule is adenosine diphosphate (ADP). When a subsequent phosphate is lost, the resulting molecule is adenosine monophosphate (AMP) ATP