1. NOTES: 2.3 part 2 Nucleic Acids & Proteins

2. So far, we’ve covered… the following MACROMOLECULES: ● CARBOHYDRATES… ● LIPIDS… Let’s review…

3. CARBOHYDRATES: ● elements? ● purpose(s)? ● monomers / building blocks? ● polymers? ● examples?

4. CARBOHYDRATES: ● elements? -C, H, O ● purpose(s)? -Energy for cells; energy storage; structure / support ● monomers / building blocks? -monosaccharides (“single sugars”)

5. CARBOHYDRATES: ● polymers? -polysaccharides ● examples? -MONO: glucose, fructose, ribose -DI: sucrose, maltose -POLY: starch, cellulose, glycogen

7. LIPIDS: ● elements? ● purpose(s)? ● monomers / building blocks? ● polymers? ● examples?

8. LIPIDS: ● elements? -C, H, O ● purpose(s)? -long-term energy storage; insulation; part of cell membrane ● monomers / building blocks? -glycerol -fatty acids

9. LIPIDS: ● polymers / macromolecules? -fats; phospholipids; steroids ● examples? -saturated fats: butter, lard -unsat. fats: olive oil, corn oil -phospholipids (in cell memb.) -cholesterol

11. And now we will look at: ● NUCLEIC ACIDS & ● PROTEINS

12. ● nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information ● Two types of nucleic acids: 1) DNA 2) RNA

13. Structure of Nucleic Acids ● polymers made up of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES ● Elements present: -carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen -phosphorus

14. ● each nucleotide consists of: 1) a simple sugar -deoxyribose in DNA -ribose in RNA 2) a phosphate group 3) a base (e.g. in DNA, the bases are A, G, C, and T)

15. ● nucleotides are joined together in DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS ● results in a “backbone” with a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate- sugar-phosphate...

16. 1) DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid ● forms the genetic code - the instructions for the proteins (amino acid sequences) of an organisms’ proteins ● is copied and passed from one generation of cells to another

17. 2) RNA = Ribonucleic acid ● functions in the actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA

18. ● Polymers (long chains) of AMINO ACIDS –arranged in specific sequence –linked by PEPTIDE BONDS –range in length from a few to 1000+

19. AMINO ACIDS building blocks of proteins there are 20 common amino acids structure of an amino acid: elements included in a protein: -carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen -sulfur (usually)

20. Amino Acid Monomers ● Cells use 20 amino acids to make thousands of proteins ● amino acids differ from each other at their “side” or “R” chains ● because they are so different, and can be put together in almost infinite combinations, proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules.

21. Isoleucine (Ile) Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tryptophan (Trp) Proline (Pro) Leucine (Leu) Valine (Val) Alanine (Ala) Nonpolar Glycine (Gly)

22. Asparagine (Asn) Glutamine (Gln)Threonine (Thr) Polar Serine (Ser) Cysteine (Cys) Tyrosine (Tyr)

23. Electrically charged Aspartic acid (Asp) Acidic Basic Glutamic acid (Glu) Lysine (Lys)Arginine (Arg) Histidine (His)

24. ● Amino acids are linked together through DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS to form PEPTIDE BONDS

25. PROTEIN STRUCTURE ● a protein’s function depends on its specific 3-D shape

26. Levels of Protein Shape / Organization: ● amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to instructions coded in DNA! ● there are 4 levels of structure for proteins…

27. Levels of Protein Shape / Organization: ● PRIMARY: linear sequence of amino acids; ● SECONDARY: folding or coiling of the chain (in small, local areas);

28. Levels of Protein Shape / Organization: ● TERTIARY: complete, 3-D arrangement of the polypeptide chain; ● QUATERNARY: some proteins include multiple polypeptide chains that come together to form 1 functioning unit

35. Protein Shape: ● determined by genes ● stabilized by ionic & covalent bonds, H-bonds, van der Waals forces

36. Protein Shape: ● can be altered by environmental conditions ● DENATURATION: protein loses its natural shape, and therefore loses its function! This can be caused by: –extreme heat –pH changes

38. Functions of Proteins ● structural support (e.g. hair, nails) ● signaling (e.g. hormones)

39. Functions of Proteins ● movement (contraction of muscles) ● transporting oxygen in the blood

40. Functions of Proteins ● defense (antibodies of immune system) ● catalysis (speeding up) of reactions (ENZYMES) **more about enzymes in 2.4!!