1. Peptides to Proteins

2. What are proteins? How are proteins made? How do proteins fold? Why are proteins important?

3. What are PROTEINS? Proteins are large, complex molecules that serve diverse functional and structural roles within cells.

4. Proteins are the ACTION FORCE in the cell.

5. Defense Enzyme Support Transpor t Motion Regulation Proteins can be functionally classified. Hemoglobin AntibodyProtease Keratin Actin Insulin Carries O 2 Fights Viruses Degrades Protein Forms Hair and Nails Contracts Muscle Fibers Controls Blood Glucose

7. Proteins are chains of amino acids. C O OH N H H N H H Short chains of amino acids are called peptides. Proteins are polypeptide molecules that contain many peptide subunits.

8. Amino Acid 1 NH 2 R COOH C H Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group, R group and hydrogen.

9. Asparagine Glutamate Leucine Phenylalanine Cysteine Histidine Methionine Threonine Arginine Glutamine Isoleucine Tryptophan Alanine Glycine Proline Tyrosine Aspartate Lysine Serine Valine Each amino acid has unique chemical properties.

10. H2OH2O Amino Acid 2 N R COOH C H H H Amino Acid 1 NH 2 R C C H O OH Peptide bonds form by dehydration synthesis

11. Amino Acid 2 R COOH C H Amino Acid 1 NH 2 R C H Peptide Bond

12. GAU AUGGCC UGG 5’ 3’ Gene Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Amino Acid- transfer RNA Ribosome tRNA Ala tRNA TrpMet tRNA Empty tRNA Met Empty tRNA Met Ala Nucleus Cytoplasm Large Subunit Small Subunit Met Ala Trp RibonucleotidesAUGC Codon 1AUG=Methionine CGCCodon 2=Alanine UGGCodon 3Tryptophan=UGCodon 4Stop=A is the synthesis of proteins in the cell.

14. PrimarySecondaryTertiar y Quaternary There are 4 basic

15. A V K R Y F I L H S T Q N P G E D M P C The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids.

16. Alpha HelixBeta-Pleated Sheet The secondary structure is primarily composed of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets. Primary Structure Folding Back and Coiling

17. The tertiary structure is the protein’s 3D shape.

18. The quaternary structure is the assembly of folded subunits.

19. Proteins must reach their final shape to perform their vital functions Properly Folded Improperly Folded

20. Summary Proteins are biological workhorses that carry out most of the functions within the cell. Proteins are large biological molecules that serve diverse functional and structural roles within cells. Proteins are synthesized during the translation process.

21. Summary cont’d… Proteins are composed of amino acids that are covalently linked by peptide bonds. Proteins have four basic levels of structure. However, proteins must fold correctly in order to function properly.

22. THE END!