1. Carbon Compounds / Organic Chemistry Fall 2014

2. Carbon Atomic Structure  Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds.  A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.

3. Macromolecules  Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon and other elements.  What are the key elements in organic chemistry?  Carbon  Hydrogen  Oxygen  Nitrogen  Phosphorus  Sulfur

4. Macromolecules  Macromolecules are simply molecules made up of smaller molecules.  Large strands are called polymers, while individual pieces are called monomers.

5. Macromolecules  These elements combine to make the four key macromolecules:  LIPIDS (mainly C & H)  CARBOHYDRATES (C, H, O)  PROTEINS (C, H, O and N)  NUCLEIC ACIDS (C, H, O, N, S & P)

6. Lipids  Lipids are not water-soluble (they do not dissolve in water).  Lipids are found primarily as oils and fats.  They serve as sources of energy storage or as waterproof, semi-permeable membranes, like the ones surrounding our cells.

7. Lipids Phospholipid Bilayer

8. Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio at or near 1:2:1.  Glucose  C 6 H 12 O 6  Sucrose (table sugar)  C 12 H 22 O 11  The primary purpose of carbohydrates is for energy. Living things use carbohydrates as their primary source of energy. Complex carbohydrates (starches) are chains of molecules used as storage.

9. Carbohydrates  Some carbohydrate molecules include:  glucose  galactose  fructose  deoxyribose  arabinose  sucrose  maltose  lactose  pectin  glycogen

10. Carbohydrates  An example of a complex carbohydrate:

11. Proteins  AA produced in body alanine asparagine aspartic acid cysteine glutamine glutamic acid glycine proline serine tyrosine Proteins are polymers of amino acids.  AA from outside sources arginine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine

12. Proteins  The amino acids are integral parts of our DNA and RNA.

13. Nucleic Acids  The composition of nucleic acids includes:  a phosphate group  a nitrogenous base  a 5-carbon compound

14. Nucleic Acids  Phosphate groups are ALWAYS the same:

15. Nucleic Acids  Nitrogenous bases are always one of these five:  adenine  guanine  cytosine  thymine  uracil