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RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

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Presentation on theme: "RNA Ribonucleic Acid."— Presentation transcript:

1 RNA Ribonucleic Acid

2 Why do we need RNA? DNA never ever leaves the nucleus
DNA is the master copy of the directions a cell needs to live so it needs to be protected RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive You can always make more RNA so it’s ok if it gets destroyed (You can’t make more DNA!!!)

3 Function of RNA To obtain information from DNA & synthesize proteins

4 How are DNA and RNA different?
How many strands? Nucleotide Subunit Bases

5 How are DNA and RNA different?
How many strands? 2 Nucleotide Subunit Bases

6 How are DNA and RNA different?
How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Bases

7 How are DNA and RNA different?
How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Deoxyribose Sugar Bases Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group

8 How are DNA and RNA different?
How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Bases Ribose Sugar Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group

9 How are DNA and RNA different?
How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Bases Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Ribose Sugar Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group T – A G – C

10 How are DNA and RNA different?
How many strands? 2 1 Nucleotide Subunit Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Bases Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) Ribose Sugar Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Phosphate Group T – A G – C U – A G – C

11 DNA RNA

12 3 types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)- copies information from DNA for protein synthesis Codon- 3 base pairs that code for a single amino acid. A U G C mRNA start codon codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 codon 1

13 3 types of RNA 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)- picks up individual amino acids and carries them to the ribosome Anticodon-a sequence of 3 bases that are complementary base pairs to a codon in the mRNA

14 Transfer RNA (tRNA) methionine amino acid attachment site amino acid
U A C anticodon methionine amino acid

15 3 types of RNA 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- combines with proteins to form ribosomes

16 Types of RNA

17 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger)

18 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer)

19 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)

20 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)
“Mailman”

21 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)
“Mailman” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

22 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)
“Mailman” “Taxi” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

23 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)
“Mailman” “Taxi” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Transports amino acids to the ribosomes

24 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)
“Mailman” “Taxi” “RubberCement” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Transports amino acids to the ribosomes

25 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)
“Mailman” “Taxi” “RubberCement” Carries DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Transports amino acids to the ribosomes Helps bind tRNA and mRNA together

26 Transcription mRNA is made from DNA

27 Steps

28 Steps Separate a DNA strand

29 Steps Separate a DNA strand
Match up bases to one side of a DNA molecule (remember to use “U” in place of “T”)

30 Steps Separate a DNA strand
Match up bases to one side of a DNA molecule (remember to use “U” in place of “T”) mRNA detaches from the DNA

31 Steps Separate a DNA strand
Match up bases to one side of a DNA molecule (remember to use “U” in place of “T”) mRNA detaches from the DNA mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

32 Transcription happens in the nucleus. An mRNA copy of DNA is made.
Then the mRNA that has been made moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA is used to make a protein Cytoplasm of cell Nucleus DNA mRNA

33 Transcription Questions
Which type of RNA is made?

34 Transcription Questions
Which type of RNA is made? mRNA

35 Transcription Questions
How is it made?

36 Transcription Questions
How is it made? It is copied from the DNA molecule

37 Transcription Questions
Where does the process occur?

38 Transcription Questions
Where does the process occur? Nucleus

39 Transcription Questions
What happens to the genetic code of the DNA?

40 Transcription Questions
What happens to the genetic code of the DNA? It is transferred to mRNA

41 Transcription Questions
What is the name for the series of three letter words on mRNA?

42 Transcription Questions
What is the name for the series of three letter words on mRNA? Codon

43 Proteins are made from the message on the mRNA
Translation Proteins are made from the message on the mRNA           

44 Translation Synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm
Involves the following: 1. mRNA (codons) 2. tRNA (anticodons) 3. ribosomes and rRNA 4. amino acids

45 Translation Let’s Make a Protein ! Three steps:
1. initiation: start codon (AUG) 2. elongation: amino acids linked 3. termination: stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA). Let’s Make a Protein !

46 mRNA Codons Join the Ribosome
Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA A U G C Small subunit

47 Initiation G aa2 A U U A C aa1 A U G C U A C U U C G A codon 2-tRNA
anticodon A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

48 Elongation G A aa3 peptide bond aa1 aa2 U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U
3-tRNA G A aa3 peptide bond aa1 aa2 1-tRNA 2-tRNA anticodon U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA

49 Ribosomes move over one codon
aa1 peptide bond 3-tRNA G A aa3 aa2 1-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

50 peptide bonds G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G
4-tRNA G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA 3-tRNA G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

51 Ribosomes move over one codon
peptide bonds 4-tRNA G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

52 peptide bonds U G A aa5 aa1 aa2 aa4 aa3 G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G
5-tRNA aa5 aa1 aa2 aa4 aa3 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA

53 Ribosomes move over one codon
peptide bonds U G A 5-tRNA aa5 aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon

54 Termination aa5 aa4 aa3 primary structure of a protein aa2 aa1 A C U C
terminator or stop codon 200-tRNA A C U C A U G U U U A G mRNA

55 End Product –The Protein!
The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa200 aa199

56 Translation Steps 1. mRNA attaches to the ribosome
2. tRNA brings in an amino acid and an anticodon 3. As more amino acids are brought to the ribosome, amino acids form peptide bonds between each other. 4. Long chain of amino acids creates a Protein

57 Translation Questions
Where does it occur?

58 Translation Questions
Where does it occur? In the cytoplasm on a ribosome

59 Translation Questions
What is being made?

60 Translation Questions
What is being made? A Protein

61 Translation Questions
What is tRNA doing?

62 Translation Questions
What is tRNA doing? Bringing in amino acids

63 Translation Questions
What is the mRNA attached to?

64 Translation Questions
What is the mRNA attached to? A Ribosome

65 Translation Questions
What is the name for the sequence of bases on tRNA?

66 Translation Questions
What is the name for the sequence of bases on tRNA? Anticodon

67 Translation Questions
What type of bond forms between amino acids?

68 Translation Questions
What type of bond forms between amino acids? Peptide Bond

69 Translation Questions
How many different amino acids are there?

70 Translation Questions
How many different amino acids are there? 20

71 mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm
1. Nucleus Cytoplasm

72 2. mRNA attaches to a ribosome Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosome 1.
mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Ribosome

73 2. 3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome
mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome

74 2. 3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome
mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome tRNA

75 2. 3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome
mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome tRNA Amino acid

76 2. 3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome
mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome tRNA Amino acid Anticodon (3 bases on tRNA): Matches up to codons on mRNA

77 2. 3. 4. mRNA attaches to a ribosome
mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 1. Nucleus mRNA attaches to a ribosome 2. Cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids and anticodons 3. Ribosome tRNA Amino acid Anticodon (3 bases on tRNA): Matches up to codons on mRNA Protein detaches from ribosome and goes off to work in the cell 4.

78 How to Read a Codon Chart

79 Determine the sequence of the RNA codon. The Codon we will use is AUG
First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

80 Look at the first base of your codon
Look at the first base of your codon. Look at the left side of the chart, and find this letter. For example if your first base in your codon is A, then look at the third row in the first column. First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

81 Look at the next base in your codon
Look at the next base in your codon. Find the proper column to work out of by finding the column corresponding to that base. For example if your second base in your codon is U, you are working out of the first column. First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

82 Look at the last base in your codon
Look at the last base in your codon. Look along the right-hand side of the chart. Look ONLY at the set of four bases that are part of your row decided upon by your first base. For example if your third base was a G, then the chart tells you that the first codon codes for the amino acid methionine. First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

83 Just like AUG codes for methionine, CAC codes for histadine, and AGC codes for serine.
First Letter Second Letter Third Letter U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine leucine stop tryptophan proline histidine arginine glutamine isoleucine threonine asparagine lysine methionine valine alanine aspartate glycine glutamate

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