1. Protein Synthesis: Translation
How is mRNA “translated” into a protein?

2. TRANSLATION Process when the protein is actually made
Occurs at the ribosome in the cytoplasm
Uses an anticodon on the tRNA to bring an amino acid to the ribosome

3. 5. mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

4. DNA’s code is copied to mRNA in codon groups.
REMEMBER:
DNA’s code is copied to mRNA in codon groups.
A CODON is a grouping of three nitrogen bases in mRNA that carry the code for an amino acid. G A C U
codon
codon

5. Transfer RNA (tRNA) tRNA Has a clover-leaf shape
tRNA carries an amino acid at one end and
amino acid U A C
an anticodon at the other end.
anticodon

6. ANTICODON The anticodon the complement to the mRNA codon.
EX: mRNA codon: AUG tRNA anticodon: UAC
The tRNA also picks up the amino acid that corresponds to the mRNA codon U A C
Anticodon
Codon A C G U

7. But how do we know which amino acid corresponds to each codon?G U

8. AMINO ACID CHART
This chart is used to find the appropriate amino acid using mRNA codons. U C A G
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Serine
Tyrosine
Stop
Cysteine
Tryptophan
Proline
Histidine
Glutamine
Arginine
U C A G
Isoleucine
Methionine
Threonine
Asparagine
Lysine
Valine
Alanine
Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid
Glycine
First Base
Second Base
Third Base
What would be the amino acid for the mRNA codon UGG?
mRNA codon UGG is the amino acid Tryptophan

9. TRANSLATION mRNA at the ribosome in the cytoplasm ribosome mRNA G A CU
mRNA

10. TRANSLATION 6. tRNA assists by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome
7. tRNA matches its anticodon with the codon of mRNA to place the amino acid in the correct sequence U A C
Methionine G A C U

11. TRANSLATION Methionine Methionine Isoleucine Isoleucine LeucineG
Leucine
Isoleucine A U
Leucine U G
STOP A U
Peptide Bond
Peptide Bond G A C U
TRANSLATION

12. TRANSLATION Stop Codon
A special codon called a STOP CODON marks the end of the gene and protein synthesis.
Methionine
Leucine
Isoleucine
STOP G A C U
TRANSLATION

13. Polypeptide Chain - A Protein
8. The amino acids bond with peptide bonds and form a polypeptide chain or protein.
amino acid
peptide bonds
polypeptide = protein

14. REVIEWING TRANSLATION
Protein is made
5. mRNA leaves nucleus, goes to ribosome in cytoplasm
6. tRNA assists by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome
7. tRNA matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon, putting amino acids in the correct sequence
8. amino acids bond, forming a protein
click to play animation

15. TRY THIS! TACACCTGCGCATAG
Transcribe and translate this segment of DNA:
TACACCTGCGCATAG