 There was no escape. According to the Church, these punishments were necessary to save the souls of heretics.  Around 1232 CE, the Church started court system called The Inquisition.  This court was to seek out and punish people suspected of not obeying the church.  This court was to seek out and punish people suspected of not obeying the church.  Church officials assigned to the Inquisition were assigned to track down heretics.  Heresy is an act against the church or church beliefs.  A heretic is someone who commits an act of heresy.  If a heretic confessed, they were punished.  If a heretic did not confess, they were tortured until they confessed or died

 Established by Isabella and Ferdinand in 1478  Created to expel Jews, Protestants and non-believers from Spain  Approved by Pope Sixtus IV Queen Isabella King Ferdinand

 It is believed that 40,000 Jews were forced out  Those that stayed in Spain had to convert to Catholicism  Jews that became Catholics were known as “converso”  People that refused to convert or leave were subject to trials  There were several options for sentencing someone Acquited Suspended (let go, but still under suspicion) Penance (guilty and had to pay fines and confess) Reconciled (guilty and may be tortured) Relaxation to the secular arm (burnt at the stake)  Isabella and Ferdinand saw the burning of 2,000 people and 15,000 were reconciled The total figures are: 341,021 people were put on trial 31,912 of them were killed

Indulgences Indulgences - pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory (People could buy forgiveness)

The Church tried to stamp out scientific discoveries that contradicted Church teachings Galileo Galilei – Taught that the sun was the center of the universe. He was brought before the Spanish Inquisition on charges of heresy and found guilty, and forced to denounce his beliefs (or face death). Galileo spent the rest of his life under house arrest. Nicolaus Copernicus - In 1514, Copernicus published a book that stated the earth revolved around the sun. His book started the scientific revolution.

 Books became available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books)  People had access to books whenever they wanted.  The first book printed was the Bible in 1454 or 1455 Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

 100 Years War and Black Death – Led to many people moving to the cities and an improved standard of living  Scientific Advances - contradicted the Church  The Indulgences/Corruption within the Catholic Church caused people to distrust the church.  Invention of the Printing Press – made the Bible available to most people  The Inquisition – Church Oppression  Humanism – People began to believe they had control of their destiny Causes of the Protestant Reformation

 Lived from in Germany  A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk  Luther realized that only faith, not good deeds, could save a person.

 A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)  He criticized:  The Power of the Pope  The Extreme Wealth of the Church  Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)  Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs  Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany  Gained support from people & criticism from Church

 The Diet of Worms  1520 Pope Leo X ordered Luther to give up his beliefs  Luther burned the order and was excommunicated  Luther went into hiding  He translated the New Testament into German.

 Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas  Lutheranism was formed  Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms  Reformers came to be known as Protestants - [PROTEST]ants  Wars of the Reformation – Catholics vs Protestants  Also known as the “30 Years War”

 Anti-Catholic  Influenced by Martin Luther  Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”  Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

 Salvation through Predestination  At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell  Foreknowledge  God knows everything that will happen in your life  Purified approach to life: No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..  Started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

The Reformation Parliament A gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope. Act of Supremacy Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England” Henry VIII was excommunicated by the Pope Henry VIII created the Church of England when the Pope refused to grant an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.