THE AGE OF JACKSON

Missouri Compromise 1820 Missouri territory applied for statehood Would upset balance btwn slave and free states. In 1819 there were 11 free and 11 slave = equal representation in Congress Missouri admitted to Union as slave state, Maine admitted as free state to maintain balance. Banned slavery in Northern part of Louisiana Territory Feelings of sectionalism in North & South emerging. 36 deg 30 north latitude line

Jacksonian Democracy Age of the Common Man/ Age of Jackson “hero” of New Orleans first ‘‘western” president reflected and promoted a wider form of democracy

Election of 1824/Corrupt Bargain Four Candidates: Crawford, Jackson, Clay, Adams No Majority in electoral college John Quincy Adams wins in House of Representatives Clay appointed Secretary of State CLAY JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

Election of 1828 Jackson v. Adams rematch Mudslinging, “corrupt bargain” Rachel Jackson Jackson landslide victory

Indian Removal Farmlands becoming scarce in East Prejudice against Native Americans “5 civilized tribes” in east – Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek Adopted aspects of European & American culture

Indian Removal Act 1830 Jackson determines relocate nations so southeast open white settlement Relocate to area west of Mississippi River = Indian Territory (present Oklahoma)

The March US army supervise Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw hundreds of miles walk Malnutrition, disease, etc. led to ¼ to die of Choctaw & Creek

Seminole fight back, never officially defeated Descendants live in Florida today

The Trail of Tears Cherokee fought in American court system Sued federal government, claim had right to be respected as a foreign country 1831 case reach supreme court John Marshall refuse to hear case Cherokee had no right to bring suit b/c neither citizens or foreign country

Worcester v Georgia Samuel Austin Worcester white man, teacher, friend Cherokee State of Georgia ordered Worcester to leave Cherokee land, he refused and brought on suit on behalf of self & Cherokee 1832 Marshall decision Ruled against Georgia, denying them right to take Cherokee lands Jackson outraged “John Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it”

Cherokee herded by US army Cherokee who favored relocation sign treaty w US gov/ to get around court ruling Cherokee herded by US army 16000 forced to leave homes 4000 died on march Hunger, exposure, disease, and bandits TRAIL OF TEARS

National Bank Second Bank of the United States Nat’l bank overseen by federal government Established 1816 w/20 year charter Purpose regulate state banks Had grown since 1st bank of US gone in 1811

The “Monster” that must be “Killed” Jackson thought Const. not give authority Congress make bank Opponents– his supporters– saw that state banks give loans to poorer farmers in South & West National Bank devoted to interests wealthy northern corp.

Henry Clay & Daniel Webster (Nat’l Republicans) 1832 summer introduce bill to renew charter Timing of bill during election year intentional Jackson veto bill Clay challenged Jackson for presidency

Jackson re-elected Jackson ordered secretary Treasury to take $$ out of the national bank and deposit it into select state banks – “pet banks” as they came to be called by critics 1836 Second Bank of United States reduced to just another state bank

States Rights Controversy over 2nd Nat’l Bank largely dispute over division power between federal gov and state gov

Tariff Controversy 1816, 1824, 1828 Congress tariff on British manufactured goods – encourage Americans purchase American goods Agricultural states in south hate tariff – forced to buy more expensive northern goods than cheaper British goods Southern states exporting cotton to Britain oppose interference internat’l trade

Nullification Theory Drove wedge btwn Jackson and VP John C. Calhoun Calhoun believed benefit northern states at expense southern states Southerners called 1828 tariff the Tariff of Abominations Calhoun supported idea that state could nullify or reject any law passed by Congress that state thought violated Constitution or was not in best interests of state

The Hayne-Webster Debate One of most famous debates US history 1830 btwn Senator Robert Hayne of SC and Senator Daniel Webster of MA Hayne = federal gov is an agreement among states and nullification gave states lawful way to protest federal legislation Webster = US is one nation not an agreement of states “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

Nullification Crisis 1832 Congress passed another tariff = test nullification theory SC declared tariff null and void & threatened to secede Union if fed gov’t tried to enforce it Calhoun resigned VP & became senator of SC “I consider the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one state, incompatible with the existence of the Union” - Jackson

Jackson received power from Congress to use military force to collect tariff from SC Henry Clay compromise = tariffs reduced over period of ten years Nullification and states rights will be raised again very soon

Andrew Jackson Political Cartoon or Caricature, and an Acrostic Poem You must represent Jackson and: Bank War Nullification Crisis Indian Removal Act Use color, imagery, words, etc. A N D R E Withdrew J C K S O