* I didn’t take 11 chemistry so watch this!!!! I didn’t take 11 chemistry so watch this!!!! * Water Water * Biological Molecules – Hank strikes again! Biological Molecules

Remember: CHNOPS C = Carbon H = Hydrogen N = Nitrogen O = OxygenP = Phosphorus S = Sulfur

4 * CHNOPS elements usually form covalent bonds. * Electrons shared  stability

Bond Double Bond

Carbon

7

8 * Carbon atoms form covalent bonds to carbon atoms. * Carbon chains form "backbones" of organic molecules. * Various lengths * "Functional groups" may be attached to carbon chains. * determine properties of molecules * cause diversity of organic molecules

9

10 * Any or all functional groups may be attached to a carbon backbone to make * alcohols, * acetic acid, * fatty acids, * sugars, * amino acids, * etc.

* Crucial to the carbon-based life on the Earth are several types of biologically-essential molecules. * The basic types of molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

* The carbohydrates are the compounds which provide energy to living cells. They are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a ratio of two hydrogens for every oxygen atom. The carbohydrates we use as foods have their origin in the photosynthesis of plants. They take the form of sugars, starches, and cellulose. * The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules. Many carbohydrates have empirical formuli which would imply about equal numbers of carbon and water molecules. For example, the formula for glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 suggests 6 carbon atoms and 6 water molecules.

14 * Monosaccharides = "Simple sugars" * glucose, fructose, etc. * Disaccharides * Polysaccharides

15 * "Simple sugars" = monosaccharides * Used as cellular "fuel," source of energy * (as gasoline for engine)

16

17 * Removal of OH + H forms water, H 2 O * Leaves bonding sites that join monosaccharide units.

18 * Break bond between monosaccharide units. * Add OH + H to fill bonding sites.

19 * Built up of monosaccharide units by dehydration synthesis. * Disassembly by hydrolysis.

20 * Examples: * Glycogen - stored fuel in liver, muscle cells * Starch - stored energy in plants, digestible (hydrolysis) * Cellulose - plant cell walls, indigestible (dietary fiber) * Chitin - arthropod exoskeletons, indigestible

* Fats, oils, waxes, and sterols are collectively known as lipids. * Like the carbohydrates, the true fats contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules of such a lipid are made up of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules attached to it. This kind of lipid is also called a triglyceride.

25 * Steroids * unlike other lipids, 4-ring structure

* Proteins are the "workhorse" molecules of life, taking part in essentially every structure and activity of life. They are building materials for living cells, appearing in the structures inside the cell and within the cell membrane. * While many of the proteins are structural proteins, many are regulatory proteins called enzymes. * They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen like the carbohydrates and lipids but they also contain nitrogen and often sulfur and phosphorus.

* Protein molecules are often very large and are made up of hundreds to thousands of amino acid units. * Amino acids are organic compounds which contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. * The 20 amino acids are combined in different ways to make up the 100,000 or so different proteins in the human body. Some of these proteins are in solution in the blood and other fluids of the body, and some are in solid form as the framework of tissue, bone and hair.

29 * Examples: * 20 “R” groups  20 kinds of amino acids in all biological chemistry.

31 * Globular * hemoglobin * myoglobin * hormones * insulin, glucagon, growth hormone * antibodies * receptors * ENZYMES * Structural/Fibrous * keratin * epidermis, hair, nails * collagen * tendons, ligaments * silks

35 * Biological polymers (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) must be assembled precisely!! * Chemical processes must occur in proper sequence. * Chemical processes require energy (heat) for activation. * Reactions occur very slowly at body temperature. * Add heat to speed up reaction  undesirable reactions * How to control reactions at moderate temperature? * Answer =...

36 * Enzymes = biological catalysts * Properties * SPECIFICITY: * 1 enzyme  1 reaction * LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY: * increased reaction rate * CONTROL (regulation): * Enzymes can be “switched on” or “off.”

* Nuclei acids control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms reproduce proteins. * The key nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). * A molecule of a nuclei acid consists of a long chain of units called nucleotides.

39 * Polymers of nucleotides * 3 parts of nucleotide * 5-C sugar (ribose, deoxyribose) * Base (A, C, G, T or U) * Phosphate

* Nucleotides are the basic structural units of nucleic acids which control the production of proteins in living organisms. * The nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen base.