Biology Domain 2 Organisms

Biology Standard 2: Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.

A. Basic Stuff 1. Energy a. needed by all organisms b. runs chemical reactions that sustain life (metabolism)

2. Obtaining Energy a. Autotrophs (Producers) 1. use energy from sunlight to make food 2. photosynthesis 3. ALL plants, algae (protists), some bacteria

b. Heterotrophs (Consumers, Decomposers) 1. must find energy elsewhere (eat or absorb nutrients) 2. ALL animals, ALL fungi, some protists and bacteria

Try This! The substances that most directly control the rate of reaction during cellular respiration are known as –A. enzymes –B. phosphates –C. monosaccharides –D. disaccharides

B. Energy Transformations 1.Energy and matter cycle through ecosystems –Food chain, food web, energy pyramid 2. SUNlight is the ultimate source for energy 3. Sun  Producers  Consumers

C. Energy in Cells 1. All cells must turn food into usable energy 2. Food can be made through photosynthesis (autotrophs) or obtained elsewhere (heterotrophs) 3. Cellular Respiration turns food into usable energy

4. Cellular Respiration a. food energy is turned into usable energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) b. Aerobic Respiration—requires OXYGEN c. occurs in the “mighty” mitochondria of ALL organisms!

d. glucose (food) + oxygen (O 2 )  Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O) + ATP (ENERGY)

Try This! Which statement best describes cellular respiration? –A. It is the change of stored chemical energy from food into ATP. –B. It is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. –C. It is the excretion of materials out of the cell of an organism. –D. It is the release of oxygen from the cells of an organism.

5. Where does food energy come from? a. Heterotrophs 1. eat food (consumers) 2. absorb nutrients (decomposers)

b. Autotrophs 1. Make food using energy from sun 2. Photosynthesis a. occurs in chloroplasts. b. energy from sun turned into glucose

c. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O) + energy (sun)  glucose (food) + oxygen (O 2 ) d. cellular respiration still MUST occur to turn food energy into ATP

Try This! During photosynthesis, plants use the sun’s energy, along with CO 2 and H 2 O, to produce high-energy sugars. The waste product they release in this process is –A. nitrogen –B. oxygen –C. carbon dioxide –D. methane

6. Energy Use a. ATP is usable energy b. ADP-ATP Cycle c. Adenosine TRIphosphate  Adenosine DIphosphate

D. Classification of Organisms 1. Scientists classify organisms so that they can easily find information about them 2. Taxonomy—study of classification

3. Linnaeus a. Developed modern Taxonomy system b. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species c. Binomial Nomenclature— scientific names (Genus species)

4. Specifications for Classification a. Organisms are grouped based on similarities and evolutionary history

b. Characteristics 1. Physical Similarities 2. Biochemicals (DNA, proteins) 3. Embryology (Development) 4. Chromosome Structure 5. Reproduction

Canis familiarisCanis lupusCanis latrans DOG COYOTE WOLF 1. Physical Similarities

2. Biochemicals

3. Embryology (Development)

4. Chromosome Structure

5. Reproduction Mule— Offspring of horse and donkey is sterile

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Eukarya Classification of Living Things

F. Organization in Organisms 1. Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism 2. Systems a. Circulatory 1.inverebrates—open 2. vertebrates--closed

b. Respiratory 1. invertebrates—diffusion 2. vertebrates—gills and lungs c. Digestive 1.stomach, esophagus, mouth 2. intestines—absorption of nutrients 3. liver—filters wastes

d. Nervous 1. brain, nerve cells 2. cephalization—concentration of nerves in anterior (top or front) region

e. Support 1. invertebrates—EXOskeleton 2. verebrates—ENDOskeleton

f. Many other systems 1. all systems work together to maintain HOMEOSTASIS 2. respiratory brings in oxygen, circulatory circulates the oxygen, nervous gives directions!

Try This! When scientists place a species on a certain part of a phylogenetic tree, which of the following are they least likely to consider? –A. morphology (physical appearance) –B. DNA similarities –C. fossil record –D. population size

G. Dichotomous or Classification Key 1. A key is a list of characteristics used to classify an organism.