ROME From Kingdom to Empire

SO FAR: REPORT CARDS TOTAL 81 % 78% CATEGORY EGYPT GREECE CITIES 86 83 CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT 78 73 AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION 84 65 JOB SPECIALIZATION 80 79 SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE 76 72 MERCHANTS & TRADE 77 STATE RELIGION 85 SCIENCE & WRITING 89 TOTAL 81 % 78%

GEOGRAPHY Similar to that of Greece with harsh mountainous terrain leaving valleys for cities.

3 Stages of Rome ROMAN KINGDOM: 753 – 509 BC No written text survived Romulus & Remus ROMAN REPUBLIC: 509 – 27BC Julius Caesar ROMAN EMPIRE: 44BC – 476 AD (West) Augustus Trajan Caligula Etc.

The Rise of Rome RECALL: Under what circumstances were Greece & Egypt developed? THE KINGDOM OF ROME was forged with blood and battles. Like raising a newborn baby in the middle of an apocalypse. The Etruscans (Northern Italians) & other local latin tribes were at constant war with Rome and only through victory were they able to solidify themselves first as a city and later expand as an empire. ROME will constantly be at war during the length of its civilization.

THE BIRTH OF THE REPUBLIC The Republic overthrows the monarchy (the rulers of the kingdom) EARLY STRUCTURE OF THE REPUBLIC 2 CONSULS THE SENATE

ROLE OF THE CONSULS The Previous duties of the ‘King’ were given to the consul Elected each year for a 1 year term Civil Role – Mayor-life, can call the senate, and run the senate but can’t act without approval of the senate Military Role - Consul has way more control (senate intervene outside of Rome). They command the armies can kill a man for a crime if they so choose. Times of Crisis – A dictator was selected for maximum 6 months

ROLE OF THE SENATE Power is constantly increased or decreased, a constant source of controversy in Ancient Rome The Senate is the true leader of the Romans Composed of Ex-Magistrates (next slide) ROLES Oversee everything “Advise” the magistrates (magistrates pretty much obeyed) The judge and jury

FINE TUNING PATRICIANS – The ancestors of the elite pervious rulers of Roman Kingdom PLEBIANS (PLEBS) – “Commoners” not slaves, but not well off like the Patricians BIG SURPISE – The Republic is dominated by Patricians early on. The Plebs rebel and fight for rights and eventually the Republic is restructured…

LATER REPUBLIC STRUCTURE DICTATOR Absolute power for maximum 6 months Citizen positions SENATE: Lifelong membership Composed of ex-magistrates Control the $$$$ Advises Magistrates Magistrates CONSUL -2 Lead Armies and preside over senate POWER / IMPORTANCE PRAETORS: Judicial Duties TRIBUNES: Protect rights of plebs and veto power (2-10) AEDILES: Festivals, games, city upkeep, markets CENSOR: Determines Citizenship QUAESTOR: Financial Duties TRIBAL ASSEMBLY: All citizens organized by Tribes Legislative Body CENTURIATE ASSEMBLY: All citizens organized by wealth

COMPARE: Power Distribution FEW MANY

WAIT? HOW DO I GET POWER? EGYPT – Hereditary (Passed down from Pharaoh to his son) GREECE Athens – Elected but power so limited because of extreme democracy Sparta – Had to be from one of the 2 royal families Macedonia – Hereditary ROME As a citizen I can get elected? For 1 year? Not bad  After that year as a magistrate1 I’m automatically a member of the senate? Awesome. 

FEELINGS ON THE REPUBLIC? Maybe sounds a little too simple, too good to be true. ? PROS (+) CONS (-) What is this? THINK HERE! NOT HERE We shall see how this plays out….

REMEMBER THAT BLOOD I WAS TALKING ABOUT….. C. 600 BCE: Wars with the Etruscans 437-426: The Roman Fidenean War Let there always be everlasting enmity between the seed of Aeneas and Carthage until one destroys the other. - DIDO THE PUNIC WARS

THE ROMAN LEGION LEGION – 5500 Men (10 Cohorts) Cohorts 2-10: 480 Men (6 Centuries) Commanded by a Centurion 1st Cohort: 800 Men (only 5 Centuries) Had specialists like blacksmiths, builders etc. Led by the “First Spear” – highest ranking Centurion

LEGION STRUCTURE

THE ROMAN LEGIONARES