FROM THE POLICY LENS “COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER MANAGEMENT” THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE NAGHMA FIRDAUS 9 TH OCTOBER 2013 WASHINGTON DC

THE EVOLUTIONARY PATH OF DM IN INDIA 1.Until 2001 – Responsibility with Agriculture Ministry. 2.Committees Set Up by Govt on Disaster Management :- High Powered Committee under Chairmanship of Shri J C Pant – August 1999 (Prior to Orissa Super Cyclone). All Party National Committee under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister – Feb 2001 (After Gujarat Earthquake). 3.Responsibility Transferred to MHA in June NDMA established with Executive Order in September National DM Act passed in December Paradigm shift from relief centric approach to Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness approach.

LEGAL – INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Central Government State Government District Administration Panchayat Municipalities NIDM NDRF MHA (DM Cell) MHA (DM Cell) DMD National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 8 Member body chaired by the PM National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 8 Member body chaired by the PM State Disaster Management Authority (SDMAs) Chaired by the Chief Minister with 8 other members State Disaster Management Authority (SDMAs) Chaired by the Chief Minister with 8 other members District Disaster Management Authority (DDMAs) Chaired by the DM/DC/ and Co- Chaired by Chairperson Zila Parishad District Disaster Management Authority (DDMAs) Chaired by the DM/DC/ and Co- Chaired by Chairperson Zila Parishad National Executive Committee State Executive Committee

XIITH FIVE YEAR PLAN – DM APPROACH Strengthening Early Warning Systems, leveraging S & T (In the Plan budget of Ministry/ Depts. of Earth Sciences, Science & Technology, Space and CWC) Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into flagship schemes (In the Plan budgets of Ministries of Agriculture, Health, Water Resources, Urban & Rural Development, Education, Environment, Panchayati Raj) Capacity Building: a.Government, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) b.Technical personnel c.Communities (Source: Vol 1, Chapter 10, Para 10.65)

LEGAL BASIS WRT -CBDM UNDER THE DM ACT 2005 AND NATIONAL POLICY ON DM 2009 AS PER NATIONAL DM ACT 2005: SECTION 22 – PAGE (i) – PROMOTE COMMUNITY TRAINING SECTION 30 – PAGE 18 – (x) AND (xii) – EMPHASIS ON TRAINING SECTION 32 - PAGE 21 – (b) – INVOLVEMENT OF COMMUNITIES IN PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL PLANS AS PER NATIONAL POLICY ON DM 2009: SEGMENT 3- DISASTER PREVENTION MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS- SECTION & SEGMENT 7 – RESPONSE – – COMMUNITY AS FIRST RESPONDERS SEGMENT 10 – CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT - TRAINING OF COMMUNITIES ON PMP AND R&R

UTTARAKHAND FLOODS 2013

LESSONS LEARNT Strengthening of DM systems and structures Implementation of DM Plans adoption of all inclusive approach in addressing DM concerns Strengthening early warning system and ensuring last mile connectivity collaboration amongst different stakeholders ( multi-stakeholder- ship) Role of Agencies (Inter-agency coordination and communication) Skill building at various levels need for establishment of local institutional partnerships during peace times/preparedness phase Capacity Development of front-line workers need of involvement of people/COMMUNITY especially the vulnerable groups in decision making process in the recovery process national flagship schemes like NREGA to enable people’s participation in reconstruction and livelihood development programs

THE JOURNEY FROM COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER MANAGEMENT (CBDM) TO COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (CBDRR) – INDIAN PERSPECTIVE CIVIL SOCIETY EFFORTS TO ADDRESS CBDRM GOI-UNDP DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME ( ) HIGH POWERED COMMITTEE ON DM - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STRENGTHENING OF DM PLANS AT NATIONAL STATE AND DISTRICT LEVELS 10 TH, 11 th AND 12 TH FIVE YEAR PLAN – DUE FOCUS TO INVEST IN CBDM ENACTMENT OF DM ACT 2005, FORMATION OF NDMA SDMA/DDMA HAVE STARTED GETTING INSTITUTIONALIZED INTERVENTIONS ON CBDRR BY STATES/SDMA’S/PPP CAPACITY BUILDING OF PRIs ON COMPONENTS OF CBDM FORMULATION OF NATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINES ON CBDM INITIATED MAINSTREAMING DRR

LESSONS LEARNT FROM CBDM INTERVENTIONS It is important to focus in people’s knowledge more than physical infrastructure. – Build and sustain capacity of disaster management committees STRENGTHENING OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS- – Lack of institutionalized and legal arrangements can affect the sustainability of DRM intervention at local LEVEL CBDM THROUGH MULTISTAKHOLDERSHIP Involvement of communities in processes leads to greater ownership Open ended, and community based projects yield monumental spin-offs Well implemented, and documented grassroots initiatives can, and do influence national policy environment

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFORTS OF CORDAID OVERALL APPROACH – LINKAGE/INTEGRATION WITH DEVELOPMENT SPECIFICALLY on LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LINKAGES OF THE INTERVENTIONS WITH ISSUES RELATED TO GOVERNANCE AND EMPOWERMENT SELECTION OF PROJECT SITES & TARGET COMMUNITY –TARGETING THE MOST VULNERABLE PARTNER/IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATIONS’ PRESENCE ON GROUND AND PARTNERSHIP WITH THE COMMUNITY REGULAR INVESTMENT IN CAPACITY BUILDING OF IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES PLACING THE COMMUNITIES AT THE CENTRE OF DECISION MAKING PROCESS LINKAGE WITH PRI AND OTHER DM INSTITUTIONS SUPPORT TO THE PROCESS OF DDMP/SDMP FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

CHALLENGES IN THE CONTEXT OF ADDRESSING CBDRR IN INDIA 2 ND MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY; GEOGRAPHICALLY DIVERSE, MULTI HAZARD RISK PROFILE, “DIVERSE COMMUNITY BASED DRR CONTEXT” BOTH PMP AND R & R WILL NEED RESOURCES AND NEEDS TO BE DEALT PHASE WISE. SETTING UP OF SPECIFIC DM INSTITUTIONS AT LOCAL LEVELS HAS RECENTLY GOT INITIATED. CAPACITIES OF DM STAKEHOLDERS STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS IN AN EVOLVING MODE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DRR MAINSTREAMING

OPPORTUNITIES/UPSCALING EFFORTS INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATIONALISING CBDM – all CBDM efforts need to get plugged in /integrated with the DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN CBDRM POLICY & PLANNING – LINKAGE AND INTEGRATION WITH NATIONAL SCHEMES AND MAINSTREAMING DRR INTO PLANNING OF LINE MINISTRIES AT THE CENTRAL LEVEL AND LINE DEPARTMENTS AT THE STATE LEVEL NATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINES ON CBDM NATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINES ON ROLE OF NGOS IN DM CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT OF LOCAL DM INSTITUTIONS AND COMMUNITIES (FRONT LINE WORKERS) STRENGTHENING EARLY WARNING MECHANISMS AND ENSURING LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY PRIVATE SECTOR ENGAGEMENT ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND DRR TOGETHER