The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4 th edition Barbara Herlihy Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body 1

Lesson 1-1 Objectives Define the terms anatomy and physiology. List the levels of organization of the human body. Describe the 12 major organ systems. Define homeostasis. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: The branch of science that studies the structure of the body Physiology: The branch of science that describes how the body functions Structure and function are closely related. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

The Body’s Levels of Organization Organization from simple to complex – Atoms – Molecules – Cells – Tissues – Organs – Organ systems – Human organism Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Major Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Lymphatic Immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Major Organ Systems (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Major Organ Systems (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Major Organ Systems (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

Major Organ Systems (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Homeostasis: Staying the Same Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment Homeostatic mechanisms help maintain homeostasis. Homeostatic imbalance is associated with various disorders. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Lesson 1-2 Objectives Describe the anatomical position. List common terms used for relative positions of the body. Describe the three major planes of the body. List anatomical terms for regions of the body. Describe the major cavities of the body. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11

Anatomical Position Standing erect Face forward Arms at sides Toes and palms directed forward Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Relative Positions Pairs of directional terms – Superior and inferior – Anterior and posterior – Medial and lateral – Proximal and distal – Superficial and deep – Central and peripheral Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Planes and Sections of the Body Sagittal plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions. Frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Transverse plane divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions. Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Regional Terms Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Cavities of the Body Dorsal cavity – Cranial cavity – Spinal (vertebral) cavity Ventral cavity – Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities Mediastinum – Abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Cavities of the Body (cont’d.) Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity –Four quadrants –Nine regions Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity –Four quadrants –Nine regions