Working in Groups : Best Practices Jerry Carley MSN, MA, RN, CNE January 2010

Agenda: I. Collaborative Learning II. Stages of Group Development III. Team Roles IV. Learning Styles V. Putting It All Together Jerry Carley, MSN, MA, RN, CNE Assistant Professor College of Nursing

Class of 2011 Countdown Clock 17 Months 29 Days 12 Hours 38 Minutes THE CLOCK IS TICKING… 53

Anatomy of a 50 Minute Lecture……. Notes From Jerry’s Depository of Semi-documented, Anecdotal Phenomena…. Level Of Student Interest TIME LOW MED HIGH Beginning of ClassEnd of Class “Death Valley”

The Myth of Multi-Tasking Paying Attention When we talk about multitasking, we are really talking about attention: the art of paying attention, the ability to shift our attention, and, more broadly, to exercise judgment about what objects are worthy of our attention. People who have achieved great things often credit for their success a finely honed skill for paying attention. When asked about his particular genius, Isaac Newton responded that if he had made any discoveries, it was “owing more to patient attention than to any other talent.” Rosen, C. (2008). The myth of multitasking. The New Atlantis: A Journal of Technology and Society

Now that You’re Here…

Nursing History….. & Other Interesting Stuff! QUESTION: In what city was Florence Nightingale born? Florence, Italy May 12, 1820

Florence Nightingale was inducted into England’s Royal Academy of Sciences for her pioneering work in what area / discipline? STATISTICS Nursing History & Other Interesting Stuff!

Why Collaborative Learning? BENEFITS OF COLLABORATIVE LEARNING: “ Helped Understanding” “Pooled knowledge & experience” “Got helpful feedback” “ Stimulated thinking” “Got new perspectives” “More relaxed atmosphere makes problem-solving easy” “It was fun” “Greater responsibility for myself and the group” “Made new friends” ~ Defined: “ An instructional method in which students work in groups toward a common academic goal.” Gokhale, A. (1995). Collaborative learning enhances critical thinking. Journal of Technology Education, 7(1),

USN Policy / Practice Group Work: Rule #1: Get Over Yourself! JERR Y C AR L E Y Assigned to a permanent group Collaborative Evaluation Learning / Lab Activities Projects Clinical Evaluation: a potent venue for promoting learning and developing self and peer assessment skills. ADULT EDUCATION Active Learning Constructivism

Group Assignments….already! Nursing Class of Group Assignments and Faculty Advisors Jene Hurlbut/Sue Clarren Katherine Cylke/Mary Chalfant Linda Cox/ Marlene Luna Group 1 Group 4 Group 7 Abu, Aisha1Alfaro-Tumilan, Veronica1DeJesus, Christine 1Bui. Vivian2Bernardez, Teogenes2Kopka, Barney 2Hill, Sandee3Capati, Anna Lou3Mehari, Teame 3Kemple, Brigg4Dryer, Dean4Ohanzurume, Raymond 4Lee, Mikyoung5Ezenagu, Chimdinma5Pereza, Michael 5Nwabuike, Ozioma6Huerta, Elise6Rom, Jennifer 6Pedler, Micheal7Iwueze, Ahunna7Torres, Vannesa 7Takara, Chelsea8Walker, Jamoia8Tuinei, Matau 8 Marie Wright/Kathy Powell Nancy Bryan/Rebecca Cailor Janice Muhammad/Candace Grubb Group 2 Group 5 Group 8 Alfonso, Jackie1Anyiam, Lynda1Ezeanolue, Adaobi 1Brock, Natalie2Bui, Helen2Henry, Rhonita 2Cyclewala, Shehla3Cunningham, Khristy3Ike, Uche 3Hoang, Bella4Huynh, Phung4Kamara, Hassanatu 4Lautchang, Khristine5Ikeakor, Njideka5Lawani, Flora 5Manaligod, Mariann6Kim, Seon6Legaspi, Michael 6Orpilla, Caroline7Mudoh, Larissa7Nguyen, Van 7Seth, Setal8 8Nwoke, Nick 8 Jerry Carley/Kathleen Menasche Barbara Raymond-Hicks Regina McFerren/Betty Powers-Luhn Group 3 Group 6 Group 9 Del-Castillo-Katz, Delfina1Arce-Palacio, Teresa1Massela, Erin 1Logarta, Angelina2Broadnax, Olubukunola2Nnamdi, Flora 2Limbao, Jacqueline3Cabrera, Nechelle3Okoronkwo, Uche 3Nguyen, Kimoanh4Kang, Yeong Sug4R-Love, Emily 4Nguyen, Minh5Lee, Gong-Ju5Kyles, Stephen 5Puquiz, Aileen6Nwosu, Bradley6Taeza, Sarah 6Stone, Teresa7Park, Yumi7Talatala, Maria-Teresa 7Ulogo, Jude8Sinbeta, Kinfe8 8

NURSING HISTORY & Other Interesting Stuff… Which Nurse has held the Highest Position in the American Government? RICHARD CARMONA RN MD MPH 17 th Surgeon General of the United States of America “Once a nurse, always a nurse.” Title of Address to NSNA Convention, 2005

Some More Nursing History………….. In what year (in the United States) did the first registered nurse obtain a PhD degree? Ford Model T President Calvin Coolidge

Conventional Logic: The Square Peg & The Round Hole: Defining Your Role In The Group

Stages of Group Development / Performance Forming Storming Norming Performing Testing *Identify Boundaries *Form Dependency Relationships *Define acceptable behaviors “Polite, but untrusting.” Resistance *Polarization into subgroups *Conflict & Rebellion “Testing Others…” Consensus *Group cohesion develops *Conflict & Resistance are overcome “Valuing other types…” Task Performance: *Roles become flexible & functional *Energies directed toward task Performance “Flexibility & performance through trust.” Tuckman, B. (1965) Tuckman, B.W. & Jensen, M.A.C. (1977) Stages of small group development revisited. Group and Organizational Studies, 2,

This is not a linear model: It is a model of predictable behavior, which is cyclical in nature forming storming norming performing

Team Roles Knowing & Understanding Your Role and the Roles of Others Will Help You to: √ Understand your own identity in terms of team roles √ Manage your strengths & weaknesses √ Learn how to develop your team roles √ Project yourself in the best possible way √ Work more effectively in teams Defined: “..a tendency to behave, contribute, and interrelate with others in a certain way.”

Clusters of behavior have been identified as instrumental in work groups:* Action-Oriented People Oriented Cerebral SHAPER IMPLEMENTER COMPLETER-FINISHER COORDINATOR TEAMWORKER RESOURCE INVESTIGATOR PLANT MONITOR-EVALUATOR SPECIALIST

Action Oriented Roles The Shaper: The Implementer: The Completer-Finisher: High-energy; highly motivated; good managers; Usually Aggressive extroverts; thrive under pressure; like to challenge others; biggest concern is “to win.” Practical; Common-sense; systematic; the backbone of the Team, rather than the leader; They get the job done; consistent behavior; Frequently promoted to higher positions. “Follow-Through”--Attention to detail; frequently introverts; internally motivated; frequently intolerant of Team members who do not appear similarly inclined.

People – Oriented Roles COORDINATOR TEAMWORKER RESOURCE INVESTIGATOR Frequently the group leader; good at recognizing the talents of others; good at delegation; have a generally broad outlook; frequent commands respect; may clash with “shapers” because of different management style The most supportive and popular member Of the team; seen as non-threatening; good for Group cohesion; avoid conflict; can be Indecisive in a crunch Enthusiastic extroverts; communicators & natural negotiators; typically popular; relaxed and friendly; find outside resources; work well with those outside the team

Cerebral Roles Plant Monitor - Evaluator INNOVATOR ; INVENTOR; HIGHLY CREATIVE; PROVIDE THE SEEDS & IDEAS FROM WHICH MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS SPRING; VERY INDEPENDENT; FREQUENTLY APART FROM GROUP; FREQUENTLY POOR COMMUNICATORS HIGH CRITICAL-THINKING ABILITY; SERIOUS-MINDED; SLOW TO MAKE DECISIONS; TAKE ALL FACTORS INTO CONSIDERATION; SELDOM WRONG; MAY APPEAR TO BE DRY, BORING, AND HYPER- CRITICAL; FREQUENTLY BECOME MANAGERS / LEADERS

Other Concepts to Ponder… “ ALLOWABLE WEAKNESS” “Team Mix” “TEAM-ROLE SACRIFICE” The wisdom of groups

Find Your Role, and know that you can’t have too many of each type…..

Factors that contribute to high performing teams include: 1. Good Communication 2. Courage to confront and resolve conflict 3. The ability to give positive feedback 4. The ability to empathize with team mates 5. Willingness of the individual to put temporarily aside personal goal to achieve group objective “TEAM CHEMISTRY” BNet Editors. (2007) Assigning team roles. Retrieved August 15, 2008 from

“Critical Personal Reflection” “Above all things: Know thyself. “ -Socrates “Rynwθi cayton” Much of what you achieve, much of what you learn Comes as a result of critical personal reflection

“Documents 18 months of passage through an accelerated BSN Program”

KNOW THYSELF : What is your learning style, and how will this effect the group, and how will the group effect your learning? IS THERE ANYTHING FAMILIAR ABOUT THIS DIAGRAM ?

Assignment & Follow-Up Copy, Paste, & Save (PRINT) Your Learning Style Diagram for Further Consideration. BRING IT TO YOUR FIRST TEAM MEETING! Go to And assess your learning style Reflect On How Your Learning Style Will Affect Your Group Work

Learning Styles Building Your ‘Learning Style Muscles…’ VISUAL: Images, maps, pictures, colors AURAL: sound & music VERBAL: written & spoken word PHYSICAL: (hate lecture) want to get up, move around, interact LOGICAL: mathematical / models look for connections; might be very interested in Chaos Theory or “The Mathematics of Complexity”….. SOCIAL: interpersonal—prefer learning in groups SOLITARY: intrapersonal—like to learn by themselves

Analyze Your Group….

More Nursing History & Other Interesting Nursing Stuff… True or False: Mary Eliza Mahoney was the first African American Professional Nurse, completing her nurses training in False ! Mary Eliza Mahoney WAS the first African American Professional Nurse But She graduated in 1879 ! Ms Mahoney, RN was one of only 4 graduates, from a class that started with 40 students!

Nursing History & Other Interesting Stuff… Who was the first man in the United States to become a professional nurse? Unsure… Probably, L. Bissell Sanford ?

Some Tools to Aid Your Team

Some Modern Tools / Organization

Tools to Help With Teamwork “Web 2.0” H 2 O

Group Wiki or Blog~~Individual Wiki or Blog

Blog ~~ Group or Individual….. MORE…

REVIEW / KEY POINTS Collaborative Learning Increases Your Ability to Learn—particularly in an Accelerated Program Nursing is a Collaborative Profession Know Yourself: Assess Your Preferred Learning Style and Critically Reflect How You Can Increase Your Effectiveness in the Group Teamwork: Must be DEVELOPED—It doe not just happen As your team is forming, think about what is going on—your role in the group Analyze your group’s effectiveness (regularly!) Work with your group advisor.

“Once Upon a Time…” A Cautionary Tale Gibbs, G. (1994). Learning in teams: A student guide. Oxford Center for Staff Development: Oxford Brookes University. *A team of students had four members, named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, and Nobody. *There was an important job to be done. 1. Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. 2. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. 3. Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody’s job. 4. Everybody thought Anybody could do it but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn’t do it. 5. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done.

A QUESTION Of IRONY : What was missing during this presentation / class ?

The Most Important Question : Nursing History & Other Interesting Stuff… QUESTION: When will be the first time you will be able to tell someone: “I am a REGISTERED NURSE” ? Answer: That’s Up to You! WELCOME…. to The History of Our Profession ! NOW, you are an integral part of it.