Reconstruction Take notes on the following slides.

The South is destroyed  The Civil War ended after 4 years on April 9, Most of the land in the South was destroyed by the Civil War. The South would need to be rebuilt. This rebuilding of the South was called Reconstruction.

Reconstruction Plan President Lincoln wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible. 10% Plan: 10% Plan: Any southern state with at least 10% of its voters making a pledge to be loyal to the U.S. could be readmitted to the Union. The South also had to accept a ban on slavery.

The Slaves Are Free With the ending of the war, slaves were now free. The 13th Amendment to the Constitution was passed. The 13th Amendment made slavery illegal forever in the United States.

The Freedmen’s Bureau The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help poor blacks and whites in the South. The Freedmen’s Bureau also established schools in the South. Laws against educating slaves during the Civil War meant that most ex-slaves did not know how to read and write.

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address On March 4, 1865, President Lincoln laid out his approach to Reconstruction in his second inaugural address. He hoped to reunite the nation and it’s people.

“With malice [hatred] toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations…” -- Lincoln

Lincoln is assassinated Just six days after the war ended, on April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play. Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner who was angry at Lincoln. Vice-President Andrew Johnson became president.

Lincoln’s Assassination Booth’s Original Plan: Kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for Confed POWs. Lincoln’s schedule changes and didn’t appear at the location Booth expected him to be. Plan B: Kill Lincoln. Reasons: Create chaos within the gov’t and help the Confeds win the war.

Booth escapes to VA where he is captured by Union troops and killed when he refused to surrender.

President Andrew Johnson Background: Grew up poor without much formal education. Was from the South. Viewpoints: Democrat who at first Republicans thought they could work with. However they failed to realize… ◦ Indifferent to South ◦ Only had despised RICH planter class. ◦ Supported states’ rights

The Black Codes The Black Codes were laws Designed to keep freedmen in a Slave-like condition and give planters cheap labor. Black Codes forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants. They also prevented African Americans from owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities.

Black Code Examples Louisiana Louisiana Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro. ◦ No negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house. Any negro violating this provision shall be immediately ejected and compelled to find an employer; and any person who shall rent, or give the use of any house to any negro, shall pay a fine of $5 for each offence. Mississippi: Mississippi: ◦ It shall not be lawful for any freedman, free negro, or mulatto to intermarry with any white person ; nor for any white person to intermarry with any freedman, free negro, or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry, shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the State penitentiary for life ;

Voting Rights Other laws were passed to keep blacks from voting. Poll tax: Former slaves had to pay a tax to vote. Grandfather Clause: A person could only vote if their grandfather had voted.

Radical Republicans (Extreme Republicans) The Black Codes angered many Republicans in Congress who felt the South was returning to its old ways. The Radical Republicans wanted the South to change more before they could be readmitted to the Union. They were angry at President Johnson for letting the South off so easy.

The 14th Amendment The 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all people born or naturalized within the U.S. except for the Native Americans. It said that state governments could not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”

Johnson and The Radical Republicans Congress was angry at President Johnson for not going along with their Reconstruction policies. As a result, Congress impeached Johnson.

Impeachment Impeachment is the process of charging a public official with a crime. The next step was to try the president in the Senate. By a single vote, Republicans failed to convict Johnson.

Overtaking the South Scalawags: Scoundrel and a traitor to the South. Partnered with Union to make $$$ instead of rebelling. Carpetbaggers: Reference to a type of cheap suitcase made of carpet. Scorned as low-class people who could carry everything they owned in a carpetbag. ◦ Newcomers who moved to the South by buying cheap land.

Ku Klux Klan In 1866 a group of white southerners created the Ku Klux Klan. The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote. The KKK used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks. Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities. The Klan was known to have murdered many people.

15th Amendment In 1870 the 15th Amendment became law. The 15th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. Women’s rights activists were angry because the amendment did not also grant women the right to vote.

Segregation and Jim Crow Laws Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in separate hotels, sit in separate parts of theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and have separate schools, libraries, and parks. Segregation- the legal separation of blacks and whites in public places Jim Crow Laws - laws that enforced segregation

Black Codes vs. Jim Crow Laws Black Codes: Passed right after Civil War and it dealt with no rights for African Americans. Assured white supremacy. Jim Crow: Passed post-Reconstruction in 1890s. Segregation; Separate but equal.

40 Acres and a Mule During Reconstruction, ex-slaves were promised 40 acres of land and a mule. Unfortunately, the government never came through with their promise.

Events Civil War th Amendment 1864 Southern Black Codes Civil Rights Act 1866 (Attack on Black Codes. Gave equal rights to all males of the US) KKK forms 1866 Reconstruction Acts 1867 (Divided the South into five military districts in which the authority of the army commander was supreme.) 14 th Amendment 1868 Republican Congress vs. Pres Johnson President Johnson Impeached th Amendment 1870 KKK Act of 1871 ( Federal troops were used rather than state militias to enforce the law, and Klansmen were prosecuted in federal court, where juries were often predominantly black. Hundreds of Klan members were fined or imprisoned)

Plessy v. Ferguson The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal in Plessy v. Ferguson. They said that segregation was fair as long as “separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for African Americans. In practice, the African American facilities were usually “separate-and-unequal.” It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the Civil War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be outlawed and blacks to finally realize legal equality in America.