Chemistry of Cells Section 2.3

Organic Compounds All contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to others elements– typically hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms. Made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Examples: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Made from Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio Functions: Key source of energy Also act as substances used for structure Building block: monosaccharides Single sugars Ex) glucose and fructose

Carbohydrates Disaccharides “Double sugar” Formed when two monosaccharides are joined Sucrose (common table sugar) consists of glucose + fructose Other Ex) lactose, maltose

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Chains of 3 or more monosaccharides Macromolecule – large molecule made of many smaller molecules Functions: Storehouses of energy Starch – made by plants Glycogen – made by animals Structural support Cellulose – made by plants.

Lipids Made from Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms but NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio Ex) fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes Chlorophyll is a type of lipid Functions: High concentrated source of energy (stored in their bonds) Important part of cell membranes Building block: glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Lipids Saturated fat – All carbon atoms in the chain are bonded to a hydrogen atom Ex) most animal fats; butter, lard, grease Solid at room temperature Not healthy Unsaturated fat – some carbon atoms are linked by a double covalent bond, each with only one hydrogen atom. Ex) Most plant oils (olive oil) Liquid at room temperature Healthier

Proteins Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen atoms Function: Structural Proteins make up your hair, nails, muscles, etc. They are coded for by your DNA and are essential to life! Ex) collagen, antibodies, hemoglobin Ex) Enzymes – speed up reactions Building blocks: amino acids (20) Sequence of amino acids determines which protein is built

Nucleic Acids Function: Building blocks of living organisms (help cells replicate and build proteins) Building blocks: nucleotides Nucleotide: Sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose) Phosophate Group Nitrogen Bases A, T, C, G A, U, C, G Shape: Double Helix Examples: DNA & RNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid You will learn more about DNA in the Genetics Unit!

Which foods contain these biomolecules? Lipids oils, meats, butter, dairy products, nuts Carbohydrates Sugars – fruits, refined sugar or sucrose Starch – grains, pasta, breads, cereals, potatoes, rice Proteins meat, dairy, eggs, tofu, legumes (beans, peas, nuts) Nucleic acids all plant and animal matter

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules is used as long term energy storage? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules is used as long term energy storage? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules make up your body’s structures and speed up chemical reactions? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules make up your body’s structures and speed up chemical reactions? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules store and transmit genetic information? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules store and transmit genetic information? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules contain nitrogen? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid

What Have You Learned? Which of the following macromolecules contain nitrogen? A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid