1. Unit 3 Cellular Transport Fall 2014
Carbon Compounds
Unit 3 Cellular Transport
Fall 2014

2. Macromolecules
Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of subunits called
Monomers
Many monomers join together to form a
Polymer

3. Intro to Macromolecules
Organic Compound -A compound that contains the
element carbon and is made by living organisms
In order for life to occur, many organisms require complex
organic molecules (macromolecules)
 Organisms get these organic molecules via the nutrients they take in or by producing the organic molecules themselves.

4. 4 Major groups of macromolecules
There are four principal classes of organic
compounds found in living things.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

5. Carbohydrates (CH2O)n Examples: Starch, cellulose Function:
Source of energy
Structural
Building blocks (monomers)
Monosaccharide's (mono = single; saccharides = ‘sugar’)
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

6. Carbohydrates

7. Disaccharides (Di= two; saccharides = sugar)
These are formed when two monosaccharide's are joined. Example #1 Milk sugar Glucose + Galactose = lactose Example #2 Common Table Sugar Glucose + fructose = Sucrose

8. Polysaccharides (Poly = many; sacchardies = sugars)
Polysaccharides are molecules are made of thousands of monosaccharide's connected in a chain. Ex: Starch Foods high in starch: bread, cereal, pasta Function in the body: source of energy! When starch is digested, molecules are broken down into smaller units (individual sugars/ monosaccharide's); which provide energy to run our cells!

9. Polysaccharide’s cont.
Example: Cellulose (a.k.a. ‘fiber’) Function: Structural support for plant cell (forms the cell wall); helps maintain a healthy digestive system Difference between starch and cellulose- Different branching patterns in the structural formula

10. Take two minutes to summarize what you have learned about Carbohydrates. Discuss with your shoulder partner- What do you understand well? What is a little confusing?

11. Lipids (CHO) (Mostly carbon & hydrogen. Very little oxygen)
Examples - Fats, oils, waxes, sterols (hormones)
Functions
Stored energy (fats)
Structural- part of the cell membrane (phospholipids)
Repel water because they are nonpolar (even distribution of charge across the molecule) Ex- waxes. Helps to ‘waterproof’ a duck’s feathers
Chemical messengers (hormones such as estrogen & testosterone)
Building blocks
Fatty acids (3) & glycerol (1)

12. Lipids Cont.
The bonds between carbon and hydrogen in fatty acids are energy rich. This is why fats “store energy”. ** There are many different types of fatty acids **
Got to this slide hour 4 8/27

13. 2 classifications of fats

14. Lipids cont. Saturated Fat - contain saturated fatty acids
that are straight molecules.
These are generally solid at room temperature
Examples - most animal fats ( butter, lard, grease, etc.)
These are the “Unhealthy” ones!
Saturated means that the molecule holds the maximum # of hydrogen atoms

15. Lipids Cont. Unsaturated Fat - contain unsaturated fatty
acids that have “kinks” in it caused by double
bonds between carbon atoms.
Generally are liquid at room temperature.
Examples - plant oils ( oil, corn), some fish oils
Made it here 8/28 with hour 7

16. Take two minutes to summarize what you have learned about Lipids
Take two minutes to summarize what you have learned about Lipids. Discuss with your shoulder partner- What do you understand well? What is a little confusing?
Got to this point hour 8 8/28

17. Proteins (CHON) Examples: Hemoglobin, antibodies, collagen, enzymes
Functions:
Control reactions (enzymes), immune response (antibodies), cell transport (transport proteins), structural (collagen)
Building blocks
Amino acids

18. The shape determines function
The type & sequence (order) of amino acids determines the shape of a protein
The shape determines function
If the order of amino acids is wrong – the protein doesn’t work
Left off here hour 3 8/27

19. Protein Cont.
We build proteins in our cells, as well as consume protein through our diet (ex. meat, eggs, dairy). The ‘instructions’ for building protein is in ‘written’ in our genes (DNA) Question: You know DNA is a big deal….. but what is the purpose of DNA?

20. Question: Why is that a big deal you may ask?
Answer:
It codes for protein!
DNA is like a giant cookbook.
Genes are like individual recipes.
These ‘recipe’s code for specific proteins.
Question: Why is that a big deal you may ask?

21. Answer
Proteins drive cellular activity. They cause most things to ‘happen’ in a cell!
Without proteins the most basic functions of life could not be carried out.
Respiration, for example, requires muscle contractions, and muscle contractions require proteins.

22. Take two minutes to summarize what you have learned about Proteins
Take two minutes to summarize what you have learned about Proteins. Discuss with your shoulder partner- What do you understand well? What is a little confusing?

23. Nucleic Acids (CHONP) Function:
Examples - DNA, RNA
Nucleotide
Function:
Store (DNA) and transmit (RNA) hereditary (genetic) information, which directs cellular activity
Building blocks:
nucleotides

24. Nucleic Acids Cont. Example #2 ATP - adenosine triphosphate.
This is a single nucleotide that carries energy in cells.
This is the “currency” of cells.
When food molecules (glucose) are broken down inside of cells (cell respiration), some of the energy in the molecules is stored temporarily in ATP.
Some of this energy is used by cell. All cells need a steady supply of ATP to function.

25. Take two minutes to summarize what you have
learned about Nucleic Acids.
Discuss with your shoulder partner-
What do you understand well?
What is a little confusing?