British Rule in India What can you infer about British imperialism in India from this picture?

During the Age of Imperialism from 1850 to 1914, Europeans dominated Africa & Asia During this era, no nation could match the industrial, military, or colonial power of Britain

Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India Britain had so many colonies that it was said that the “sun never set on the British Empire” Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India How did India become the “brightest jewel in the crown”?

In the 1600s, Europeans gained a foothold in the Indian Ocean trade After Vasco da Gama’s discovery of a water route to India in 1498, European trade with India increased By 1700 also, Britain and France had gained a foothold in the region. Having failed to win control of the larger area, the English East India Company focused much of its energy on establishing outposts in India. There, the English developed a successful business trading Indian cloth in Europe In the 1600s, Europeans gained a foothold in the Indian Ocean trade

Conflicts between Hindus & Muslims further weakened India The British East India Company was formed to trade exotic Asian goods in Europe & America The East India Company set up trade posts in major port cities in India By 1700, India’s Mughal Empire was in decline & small states ruled by a maharajah were formed Conflicts between Hindus & Muslims further weakened India The East India Co gained more control of India

Raw materials like cotton helped fuel Britain’s industrial revolution The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, & opium Raw materials like cotton helped fuel Britain’s industrial revolution Opium was refined in India & smuggled into China; Opium addiction helped the British gain access to Chinese trade The East India Company sold cheap, British-made textiles to Indian people

From 1750 to 1850, the British East India Co From 1750 to 1850, the British East India Co. ruled most of India with little interference from Britain To protect their trade & territories, British officials hired Indian soldiers called Sepoys

By the 1850s, Indian resentment for the British was growing Execution of sepoys By the 1850s, Indian resentment for the British was growing In 1857, rumors spread that Sepoy gun cartridges supplied by the British were greased with pork & beef fat Hindu & Muslim Sepoys were outraged & rebelled against the British The Sepoy Mutiny lasted over 1 year; The British gov’t had to send troops to help the East India Co.

The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian history In 1858, the British gov’t took control from the East India Company & ruled India directly; British rule was called the Raj & lasted until 1947 The British government made important improvements in India including railroads, telegraph & telephone lines, roads, canals, dams, bridges British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India” Britain also built schools, hospitals, irrigation projects, & medical improvements

British rule hurt the native Indian economy, further divided social classes, increased hostility between Muslims & Hindus The British emphasis on cash-crop plantations led to food shortages & famine in India (7 million Indians died due to starvation in 1876)

India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia The Dutch East India Co. gained control of the East Indies in the 1600s Dutch Expand Control The Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1602, actively sought lands in Southeast Asia. It seized Malacca from the Portuguese and fought the British and Javanese for control of Java. The discovery of oil and tin on the islands and the desire for more rubber plantations prompted the Dutch to gradually expand their control over Sumatra, part of Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali. Finally the Dutch ruled the whole island chain of Indonesia, then called the Dutch East Indies. (See map opposite.) Management of plantations and trade brought a large Dutch population to the islands. In contrast to the British, who lived temporarily in India but retired in Britain, the Dutch thought of Indonesia as their home. They moved to Indonesia and created a rigid social class system there. The Dutch were on top, wealthy and educated Indonesians came next, and plantation workers were at the bottom. The Dutch also forced farmers to plant one-fifth of their land in specified export crops. The Dutch profited from rubber, tin, oil resources & cash-crop plantations

India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia In the 1840s, France seized control of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia in Indochina French Control Indochina The French had been active in Southeast Asia since the 17th century. They even helped the Nguyen (nuh•WIN) dynasty rise to power in Vietnam. In the 1840s, during the rule of an anti-Christian Vietnamese emperor, seven French missionaries were killed. Church leaders and capitalists who wanted a larger share of the overseas market demanded military intervention. Emperor Napoleon III ordered the French army to invade southern Vietnam. Later, the French added Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam to the territory. The combined states would eventually be called French Indochina. Using direct colonial management, the French themselves filled all important positions in the government bureaucracy. They did not encourage local industry. Four times as much land was devoted to rice production. However, the peasants’ consumption of rice decreased because much of the rice was exported. Anger over this reduction set the stage for Vietnamese resistance against the French. The French profited from rice plantations