1. ■ Essential Question: – What is imperialism & what factors led to the rise of imperialism?

2. Title ■ Text Based upon this image, what is imperialism?

3. From 1850 to 1914, the strong, industrialized nations of Europe used imperialism to seize colonies & dominate the local gov’ts & economies in Africa & Asia

4. Why did the industrialized nations of the world imperialize? This turned into an all-out race for the best & most numerous colonies in Africa & Asia Having a lot of overseas colonies showed power Nationalism in Europe meant that each nation wanted to become the most powerful

5. The Industrial Revolution led to a huge demand for raw materials so countries could make more factory-produced goods The Industrial Revolution caused a huge demand for new overseas markets to sell their finished goods Having numerous colonies in Africa & Asia helped fuel the Industrial Revolution

6. Christian missionaries wanted to convert the “uncivilized” natives in the world by creating churches, schools, & hospitals Europeans believed in an idea called “Social Darwinism” that argued that whites were the most evolved & superior race Europeans believed in the “white man’s burden” that they had a responsibility to civilize the world

7. Forms of Imperialism Colony: Europeans seize a territory & rule it directly by sending governors to the colony Protectorate: Local gov’t exists, but Europeans make all real decisions in order to protect their trade Sphere of Influence: Nations gain exclusive trading rights in territory, dominate all trade, but allow the local gov’t to make other decisions

9. Commercial Break #1

10. Discuss with the person sitting next to you what you believe to be the cause that made the biggest impact. Be prepared to share your answer and why.

11. ■ Essential Question: – What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa?

12. From 1880 to 1914 European nations used imperialism to dominate the continent of Africa

13. The arrival of Europeans changed Africa Before Europeans, Africa was divided into tribal clans …and powerful Islamic kingdoms During the Age of Exploration, Europeans explored the African coast …and brought African slaves to their colonies in America The Industrial Revolution led to imperialism in Africa in the mid-1800s

14. The first Europeans to explore the interior of Africa were missionaries & explorers In the 1870s, the discoveries of a missionary named David Livingstone increased European interest in Africa Reports of large deposits of natural resources & the rise of nationalism in Europe set off a race for African colonies Social Darwinism, steamboats, & industrial weapons encouraged the conquest of Africa

15. The race for African colonies was so fierce that Europeans became afraid wars would break out In 1884, 14 nations met at the Congress of Berlin (The Berlin Conference) to“set the rules”for colonizing in Africa Quick class discussion: What kind of rules do you think they came up with? Any nation could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations & showing it could control the area No African nations were invited to attend; No concern was given to ethic divisions in Africa

16. By 1914, Europeans controlled 90% of Africa France took most of west Africa Belgium claimed the Congo in central Africa Germany had many colonies throughout Africa These nations used African colonies to gain diamonds, tin, gold, rubber & built cash-crop plantations

17. The most dominant imperial power in Africa was Great Britain British industry fueled demand for raw materials Britain seized control of South Africa from the Dutch In 1882, Britain seized control of the Suez Canal from a French company Many citizens in England dreamed of a British colony from “Capetown to Cairo” England South Africa Egypt India Britain claimed colonies in Egypt & in East Africa

18. What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa? Europeans introduced new technologies like railroads, telegraph lines, & steamboats… …but transportation routes only connected areas that benefited European businessmen Europeans brought an end to the slave trade… …but Africans were paid low wages & exploited

19. What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa? Europeans built schools, churches, & hospitals… …but Africans were taught European culture Africans were unable to rule themselves, participate in voting, or learn professional skills In South Africa, the British segregated society called apartheid which remained in place for over 100 years Europeans profited off Africa’s raw materials & cheap African labor

20. Commercial Break #2 After looking at the effects of European Imperialism in Africa, do you believe it benefitted or harmer the people of Africa?

21. ■ Essential Question: – What was the impact of British imperialism in India?

22. During the Age of Imperialism from 1850 to 1914, Europeans dominated Africa & Asia During this era, no nation could match the industrial, military, or colonial power of Britain

23. Britain had so many colonies that it was said that the “sun never set on the British Empire” Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India How did India become the “brightest jewel in the crown”?

24. After Vasco da Gama’s discovery of a water route to India in 1498, European trade with India increased In the 1600s, Europeans gained a foothold in the Indian Ocean trade

25. The British East India Company was formed to trade exotic Asian goods in Europe & America The East India Company set up trade posts in major port cities in India By 1700, India’s Mughal Empire was in decline & small states ruled by a maharajah were formed Conflicts between Hindus & Muslims further weakened India The East India Co gained more control of India

26. The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, & opium Raw materials like cotton helped fuel Britain’s industrial revolution Opium was refined in India & smuggled into China; Opium addition helped the British gain access to Chinese trade The East India Company sold cheap, British-made textiles to Indian people

27. From 1750 to 1850, the British East India Co ruled most of India with little interference from Britain To protect their trade & territories, British officials hired Indian soldiers called sepoys

28. By the 1850s, Indian resentment for the British was growing In 1857, rumors spread that sepoy gun cartridges supplied by the British by were greased with pork & beef fat Hindu & Muslim sepoys were outraged & rebelled against the British The Sepoy Mutiny lasted over 1 year; The British gov’t had to send troops to help the East India Co

29. The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian history In 1858, the British gov’t took control from the East India Company & ruled India directly; British rule was called the Raj & lasted until 1947 The British government made important improvements in India including railroads, telegraph & telephone lines, roads, canals, dams, bridges British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India” Britain also built schools, hospitals, irrigation projects, & medical improvements

30. The British emphasis on cash-crop plantations led to food shortages & famine in India (7 million Indians died due to starvation in 1876) British rule hurt the native Indian economy, further divided social classes, increased hostility between Muslims & Hindus

31. ■ Why would the British potentially grease the gun cartridges of the Sepoys? ■ Why would that rumor be spread? Commercial Break #3

32. ■ Essential Question: – What was the impact of European imperialism on China?

33. The Chinese had little interest in trading with the West & were able to reject trade offers China had a healthy agricultural economy, large deposits of natural resources, & manufactured products like silk, cotton clothes, porcelain For decades, China exported goods to European merchants but refused to buy European products The British were desperate to find a product that the Chinese would buy…

34. …In the 1800s, the British smuggled opium from India into China By 1835, 12 million Chinese citizens were addicted to opium

35. The Chinese outlawed opium sales & appointed Commissioner Lin to end opium smuggling When Britain refused to end the opium trade, Commission Lin appealed directly to British Queen Victoria

36. The British refused to end the opium trade & China declared war on Britain Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars (1839-1842)

37. The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars: Britain received Hong Kong & extraterritorial rights in China ( foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws)

38. In addition to its foreign problems, China also faced major problems with its own people By 1850, China’s population grew so rapidly that agriculture could not keep up In 1853, Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Rebellion in an attempt end poverty among peasants The Qing defeated the rebels in 1864 but the rebellion killed 20 million people & weakened China

39. Britain & other industrial powers took advantage of China’s weakness to force China to sign unequal trade treaties in particular ports By 1900, China was carved into a series of spheres of influences: areas where a foreign nation had exclusive trade rights

40. The division of China worried the USA that it would be shut out of Chinese trade In 1899, the USA proposed an Open Door Policy in China so merchants from all nations can trade freely

41. The growth of foreign influence, poverty among peasants, & Christianity upset many Chinese In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion to expel foreigners from China An army of 19,000 British, French, American soldiers finally ended the Boxer Rebellion

42. ■ What interest would the U.S. have in the affairs of China and Britain? ■ How would the U.S. benefit from an Open Door Policy? Commercial Break #3