1. ■ Essential Question: – What was the impact of imperialism in India & China? ■ Warm Up Question:

2. During the Age of Imperialism from 1850 to 1914, Europeans dominated Africa & Asia During this era, no nation could match the industrial, military, or colonial power of Britain

3. After Vasco da Gama’s discovery of a water route to India in 1498, European trade with India increased In the 1600s, Europeans gained a foothold in the Indian Ocean trade

4. The British East India Company was formed to trade exotic Asian goods in Europe & America The East India Company set up trade posts in major port cities in India By 1700, India’s Mughal Empire was in decline & small states ruled by a maharajah were formed Conflicts between Hindus & Muslims further weakened India The East India Co gained more control of India

5. The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, & opium Raw materials like cotton helped fuel Britain’s industrial revolution Opium was refined in India & smuggled into China; Opium addition helped the British gain access to Chinese trade The East India Company sold cheap, British-made textiles to Indian people

6. From 1750 to 1850, the British East India Co ruled most of India with little interference from Britain To protect their trade & territories, British officials hired Indian soldiers called sepoys

7. By the 1850s, Indian resentment for the British was growing In 1857, rumors spread that sepoy gun cartridges supplied by the British by were greased with pork & beef fat Hindu & Muslim sepoys were outraged & rebelled against the British The Sepoy Mutiny lasted over 1 year; The British gov’t had to send troops to help the East India Co Execution of sepoys

8. The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian history In 1858, the British gov’t took control from the East India Company & ruled India directly; British rule was called the Raj & lasted until 1947 The British government made important improvements in India including railroads, telegraph & telephone lines, roads, canals, dams, bridges British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India” Britain also built schools, hospitals, irrigation projects, & medical improvements

9. The British emphasis on cash-crop plantations led to food shortages & famine in India (7 million Indians died due to starvation in 1876) British rule hurt the native Indian economy, further divided social classes, increased hostility between Muslims & Hindus

10. The Chinese have always referred to themselves as the “Middle Kingdom” The Chinese viewed outsiders as barbarians & saw little value in trade with foreign merchants The Great Wall was built to protect China from barbarian attacks

11. But, outsiders came across the Silk Road for China’s exotic goods As a result, China became the dominant empire in Asia (and the world)

12. China eventually did trade which helped spread Chinese culture throughout Asia But, outside merchants always had to obey Chinese rules & show respect

13. ■ Text In 1644, northern invaders called Manchus conquered China & created the Qing Dynasty Qing China faced 2 challenges that would threaten China’s future strength A population boom led to a rise in the number of Chinese peasants & competition for land

14. European missionaries & merchants arrived in Asia with hopes of trading with China In 1793, Chinese Emperor Qian Long wrote a letter to answer a request for trade by British King George III: “Strange and costly objects do not interest me… As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures.“ What did Emperor Long say to King George?

15. The Chinese had little interest in trading with the West & were able to reject trade offers China had a healthy agricultural economy, large deposits of natural resources, & manufactured products like silk, cotton clothes, porcelain For decades, China exported goods to European merchants but refused to buy European products The British were desperate to find a product that the Chinese would buy…

16. …In the 1800s, the British smuggled opium from India into China By 1835, 12 million Chinese citizens were addicted to opium

17. The Chinese outlawed opium sales & appointed Commissioner Lin to end opium smuggling When Britain refused to end the opium trade, Commission Lin appealed directly to British Queen Victoria

18. The British refused to end the opium trade & China declared war on Britain Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars (1839-1842)

19. The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars: Britain received Hong Kong & extraterritorial rights in China ( foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws)

20. In addition to its foreign problems, China also faced major problems with its own people By 1850, China’s population grew so rapidly that agriculture could not keep up In 1853, Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Rebellion in an attempt end poverty among peasants The Qing defeated the rebels in 1864 but the rebellion killed 20 million people & weakened China

21. Britain & other industrial powers took advantage of China’s weakness to force China to sign unequal trade treaties in particular ports By 1900, China was carved into a series of spheres of influences: areas where a foreign nation had exclusive trade rights

22. The division of China worried the USA that it would be shut out of Chinese trade In 1899, the USA proposed an Open Door Policy in China so merchants from all nations can trade freely

23. The growth of foreign influence, poverty among peasants, & Christianity upset many Chinese In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion to expel foreigners from China An army of 19,000 British, French, American soldiers finally ended the Boxer Rebellion

24. The power of foreign imperialists & the violence of the Boxer Rebellion led to calls to reform China Reformers looked to the West for ways to fix China In 1911, Sun Yat-sen led an overthrow of the Qing Dynasty & created a democracy with a written constitution Sun’s goal was to promote nationalism, democracy, & economic security for all Chinese citizens Over 3,000 years of dynastic rule came to an end