1. Essential Question:
What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa and India?

2. Unit X – Quiz 2 When did the Suez Canal open?
Why was it initially difficult for European powers to control their empires?
What was the British Raj?
How did Europeans adapt their lifestyles to tropical regions?
What was the Indian practice of sati? What happened to the practice under British rule?

3. Partition of Africa Board Game
Use your ruler and map of Africa to carve out a 1 foot by 1 foot colony First come, first serve

4. From 1880 to 1914 European nations used imperialism to dominate the continent of Africa

5. The arrival of Europeans changed Africa
The Industrial Revolution led to imperialism in Africa in the mid-1800s
Before Europeans, Africa was divided into tribal clans
During the Age of Exploration, Europeans explored the African coast
…and brought African slaves to their colonies in America
…and powerful Islamic kingdoms

6. In the 1870s, the discoveries of a missionary named David Livingstone increased European interest in Africa
The first Europeans to explore the interior of Africa were missionaries & explorers
Reports of large deposits of natural resources & the rise of nationalism in Europe set off a race for African colonies
Social Darwinism, steamboats, & industrial weapons encouraged the conquest of Africa

7. Quick class discussion:
The race for African colonies was so fierce that Europeans became afraid wars would break out
In 1884, 14 nations met at the Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa
Any nation could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations & showing it could control the area
Quick class discussion:
What kind of rules do you think they came up with?
No African nations were invited to attend; No concern was given to ethnic divisions in Africa

8. By 1914, Europeans controlled 90% of Africa
France took most of west Africa
Belgium claimed the Congo in central Africa
Germany had many colonies throughout Africa
These nations used African colonies to gain diamonds, tin, gold, rubber & built cash-crop plantations

9. The most dominant imperial power in Africa was Great Britain
British industry fueled demand for raw materials
Britain claimed colonies in Egypt & in East Africa
England
In 1882, Britain seized control of the Suez Canal from a French company
India
Britain seized control of South Africa from the Dutch
Egypt
Many citizens in England dreamed of a British colony from “Capetown to Cairo”
South Africa

10. His DeBeers Company created diamond mines in South Africa
The most important empire-builder in Africa was British businessman, Cecil Rhodes
His DeBeers Company created diamond mines in South Africa
Rhodes gained new colonies for Britain in southern Africa
Rhodes used his wealth to build railroads & telegraph lines in Africa

11. What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa?
Europeans introduced new technologies like railroads, telegraph lines, & steamboats…
…but transportation routes only connected areas that benefited European businessmen
Europeans brought an end to the slave trade…
…but Africans were paid low wages & exploited

12. What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa?
Europeans built schools, churches, & hospitals…
…but Africans were taught European culture
Europeans profited off Africa’s raw materials & cheap African labor
Africans were unable to rule themselves, participate in voting, or learn professional skills
In South Africa, the British segregated society called apartheid which remained in place for over 100 years

13. Africans rebelled against European rule, but were defeated due to advanced European weaponry

14. Africa remained under the control of European imperialists from the 1880s until the 1950s & 1960s

15. Essential Question:
What was the impact of British imperialism in India?

16. During the Age of Imperialism from 1850 to 1914, Europeans dominated Africa & Asia
During this era, no nation could match the industrial, military, or colonial power of Britain

17. Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India
Britain had so many colonies that it was said that the “sun never set on the British Empire”
Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India
How did India become the “brightest jewel in the crown”?

18. In the 1600s, Europeans gained a foothold in the Indian Ocean trade
After Vasco da Gama’s discovery of a water route to India in 1498, European trade with India increased
By 1700 also, Britain and France had gained a foothold in the region. Having failed to win control of the larger area, the English East India Company focused much of its energy on establishing outposts in India. There, the English developed a successful business trading Indian cloth in Europe
In the 1600s, Europeans gained a foothold in the Indian Ocean trade

19. Conflicts between Hindus & Muslims further weakened India
The British East India Company was formed to trade exotic Asian goods in Europe & America
The East India Company set up trade posts in major port cities in India
By 1700, India’s Mughal Empire was in decline & small states ruled by a maharajah were formed
Conflicts between Hindus & Muslims further weakened India
The East India Co gained more control of India

20. Raw materials like cotton helped fuel Britain’s industrial revolution
The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, & opium
Raw materials like cotton helped fuel Britain’s industrial revolution
Opium was refined in India & smuggled into China; Opium addition helped the British gain access to Chinese trade
The East India Company sold cheap, British-made textiles to Indian people

21. From 1750 to 1850, the British East India Co ruled most of India with little interference from Britain
To protect their trade & territories, British officials hired Indian soldiers called sepoys

22. By the 1850s, Indian resentment for the British was growing
Execution of sepoys
By the 1850s, Indian resentment for the British was growing
In 1857, rumors spread that sepoy gun cartridges supplied by the British by were greased with pork & beef fat
Hindu & Muslim sepoys were outraged & rebelled against the British
The Sepoy Mutiny lasted over 1 year; The British gov’t had to send troops to help the East India Co

23. The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian history
In 1858, the British gov’t took control from the East India Company & ruled India directly; British rule was called the Raj & lasted until 1947
The British government made important improvements in India including railroads, telegraph & telephone lines, roads, canals, dams, bridges
British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India”
Britain also built schools, hospitals, irrigation projects, & medical improvements

24. British rule hurt the native Indian economy, further divided social classes, increased hostility between Muslims & Hindus
The British emphasis on cash-crop plantations led to food shortages & famine in India (7 million Indians died due to starvation in 1876)

25. India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia
The Dutch East India Co gained control of the East Indies in the 1600s
Dutch Expand Control The Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1602, actively sought lands in Southeast Asia. It seized Malacca from the Portuguese and fought the British and Javanese for control of Java. The discovery of oil and tin on the islands and the desire for more rubber plantations prompted the Dutch to gradually expand their control over Sumatra, part of Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali. Finally the Dutch ruled the whole island chain of Indonesia, then called the Dutch East Indies. (See map opposite.)
Management of plantations and trade brought a large Dutch population to the islands. In contrast to the British, who lived temporarily in India but retired in Britain, the Dutch thought of Indonesia as their home. They moved to Indonesia and created a rigid social class system there. The Dutch were on top, wealthy and educated Indonesians came next, and plantation workers were at the bottom. The Dutch also forced farmers to plant one-fifth of their land in specified export crops.
The Dutch profited from rubber, tin, oil resources & cash-crop plantations

26. India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia
In the 1840s, France seized control of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia in Indochina
French Control Indochina The French had been active in Southeast Asia since the 17th century. They even helped the Nguyen (nuh•WIN) dynasty rise to power in Vietnam. In the 1840s, during the rule of an anti-Christian Vietnamese emperor, seven French missionaries were killed. Church leaders and capitalists who wanted a larger share of the overseas market demanded military intervention. Emperor Napoleon III ordered the French army to invade southern Vietnam. Later, the French added Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam to the territory. The combined states would eventually be called French Indochina. Using direct colonial management, the French themselves filled all important positions in the government bureaucracy. They did not encourage local industry. Four times as much land was devoted to rice production. However, the peasants’ consumption of rice decreased because much of the rice was exported. Anger over this reduction set the stage for Vietnamese resistance against the French.
The French profited from rice plantations