UNIT 1 1450- 1648 15th, 16th, 17th centuries Renaissance Reformation & Religious Wars Exploration & Conquest Absolutism & New Thinking

The Crises of the Late Middle Ages The Great Loss in Population Monarchs & Rulers imposing new political Order Religious crisis

Europe in 1300

Geography of Europe in 1300 Europe = many small states!! Major states at this time: England Scotland Norway Sweden Portugal Denmark France Bohemia (= Czech Republic today) Austria Teutonic Order (= Baltic states today) Do not yet exist as we know them today: Spain = Castile, Aragon, Granada, Navarre; not united Italy = Sicily, Papal States, + others; not united Germany = not united; part of Holy Roman Empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg = the Low Countries Russia = group of principalities; Mongol Yoke (1237-1480) Nations of SE Europe = part of Byzantine Empire

(1) Great Famine (1315-1322) From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine. Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth.

Causes price inflation terrible weather (mini ice age) In 1315 the price of wheat rose 800% 3 SFHS cookies cost $1.25. With 800% inflation  $10! terrible weather (mini ice age) In 1303 and 1306-1307, the Baltic Sea froze!

Dürer’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497-98) Consequences Dürer’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497-98)  susceptibility to disease later marriage  population  homeless rich farmers buy out poor farmers volatile land market unemployment migration of young males to towns  crime Pestilence War Famine Death Int’l trade = consequences spread far Gov’t. responses ineffective

Geography of Europe in 1400 From 1300-1400 states consolidated their holdings = fewer small states Major states at this time: England Union of Kalmar = Norway, Sweden, Denmark Scotland Poland-Lithuania Portugal Bohemia France Hungary Austria Wallachia (= Romania today) Ottoman Empire Do not yet exist as we know them today: Spain, Italy, Germay = still not united Russia = still under Mongol Yoke (1237-1480)

The Renaissance Period Black Death 100 Years War Changes in the Church Social Unrest Origins of the Renaissance Changing Society Changing Political Structure Intellectual and Culture Changes Italian v. Northern Renaissance (Number students 1 or 2) Have all of the 2’s get the black plague!

Journal #1 What would you do if you know you were going to die in less than a week? Things to think about Possessions Food School Friends

Boccaccio in The Decameron: (1)Black Death (1348) Boccaccio in The Decameron: The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors. Pronouced: BO CA CHI O: Italian Poet/Scholar perfect example of Italian classical prose, and its influence on Renaissance literature throughout Europe was enormous.

Causes famine  susceptibility to disease advances in shipbuilding Rats (fleas from rats) on ships from Black Sea urban overcrowding & poor sanitation & hygiene 14th century (90% of population worked the land) followed. Came from trade routes through the ports (Venice, Genoa, Pisa)

The Culprits

The Disease Cycle bubonic = spread by flea Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. bubonic = spread by flea pneumonic = spread human-human Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria.

Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate. The Symptoms Buba Sep tuh see me uh: the invasion and persistence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood-stream. (READ DECAMERON quotes) Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.

The Mortality Rate 35-50% (could be up to 70%) 25,000,000 dead!!!

Essential Question What were the most significant effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe????

Giovanni Boccacio- The Decameron -Read the Introduction of The Decameron Complete Graphic organizer after using introduction and slides

Consequences – Social pogroms against Jews Migration (move to city) clergy care for sick (demand for religious services for dead, and dying) Social conflicts of classes (Peasant Revolts) Jews were scapegoates (pogrom: organized massacre), migration (flight and seclusion as best medicine) The burning of Jews in 1349

Consequences – Economic  unemployment (Farms decline)  productivity, wages, & standard of living (limited laborers) Nobles decline in power (pay more for products & labor) Agricultural prices  craft guilds take new members (laborers migrate to city to learn skills) inflation PLabor QLabor S1 S D P2 P1 Q2 Q1 Wage Increase

Consequences – Psychological/Cultural Pessimism art & lit – theme of death Flagellants (beat themselves in ritual penance) new colleges & universities – more localized culturally Europe becomes more divided Flagellants were thought to bring divine intervention Dance Macabre (Hans Holbein)

"And no bells tolled and nobody wept no matter what his loss because almost everyone expected death ... and people said and believed, 'This is the end of the world.'" - Agnolo di Tura, chronicler of Siena in central Italy, on the Black Death, 1348

Essential Question: Assessment What were the most significant effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe???? 3 to 5 sentences

Essential Questions What were the causes of the Hundred years war? What were the outcome of the Hundred years war? Whenever power was being transferred to a new ruler rivalries could plunge entire lands into war! Centralized government as never seen before ! WHO BECOMES AN HEIR IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A MALE HEIR?????

Get into Groups of 3 One Person Find Causes of 100 years war One person Find Progress/Development of War One Person Find Outcomes of 100 years war Pg. 298-302

(2) Hundred Years’ War (ca 1337-1453) ENGLAND VS. FRANCE Battle of Sluys (1340). Illustration from a manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles.

Causes 1: Controversy over succession to French throne Charles IV of France dies heirless French nobility selects Philip VI of Valois Chosen over Edward III of England Long history of prejudice & animosity between French and English people “no woman or her son could succeed to the [French] monarchy” 1340 – proclaims himself King of France WOMEN COULD NOT BE QUEENS! Philips sister Isabella could not be king. Salic Law said you couldn’t inherite the Throne from a FEMALE Line but he was the nearest Male relative to King Charles IV . D

Causes 2: French land belonging to British monarchy English claim Aquitaine as ancient inheritance & occupy it as vassal to French crown Philip VI confiscates Aquitaine in 1337 Pointhieu Edward had several sizable French territories (Norman Conquest) (threatned the royal policy of centralization. Aquitaine

Causes 3: Wool trade & control of Flanders Wool trade b/t England & Flanders Flanders = French fief Flanders wants independence from French rule & asks English for help Flanders Flanders was subject to political influnece of England because of its industry being cloth which was dependent on English Wool.

Causes 4: Struggle for French national identity France 3x population and far wealthier then England France disunited caused by social conflicts Estates general (too divided to be effective) Peasants had to pay increasing taxes French vassals (land holders) of Philip VI side with Edward III to assert independence from French crown During Black Plague Philip VI tried to Fix prices (because of inflation) His wife Joan dies of Black death so he takes his Son’s Finance and marries her! He then Dies of a Stroke

Course 1: English Winning at 1st Crécy, Calais, Poitiers, Agincourt victories English longbow vs. French crossbow Cannon England Embargo to Flanders= rebellions by merchants & signed alliance with England Capture King John II the Good Crossbow of england could reach 200 yards. Called a TRUCE in 1347 cause of black Plague

Course 2: French Victory Joan of Arc to the rescue! Orléans = turning point King Charles VII receives crown back Joan of Arc peasant from Lorraine presents her self to King Charles VII saying she was called to deliver France. England armies already exhausted. Burgundians captured Joan and along with the English and turned her over to the inquisition after 10 weeks of interrogation she was exectued. 25 years later Roman Catholic church declared her a saint.

Height of English Dominance, 1429

Consequences Both economic problems social discontent nationalism King Charles VI son goes into retreat when his father dies and people still believe Charles VII to be king.

France becomes unified! France in 1453 France in 1337

Journal # 2 What were the causes of the Hundred years war? What were the outcome of the Hundred years war? Whenever power was being transferred to a new ruler rivalries could plunge entire lands into war! Centralized government as never seen before ! WHO BECOMES AN HEIR IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A MALE HEIR?????

(3) Church in Decline (Pope Innocent III- 13th century church becomes centralized monarcy. Started taxing to support crusades.(hight of power) startes to decline. created 1296- Pope Boniface issued a bull (Clericis Laicos) which forbade taxation of clergy without Papal (office of pope) approval. England removes protection of the king. Philip the Fair denys money from France to rome. (need money so they say thFrance can tax them) ten years later Philip unleashes a ruthless antpapal campaign. Go to Bonifaces quarters and beat him up and alsmot kill him a couple weeks later he dies and

Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) Pope moves to Avignon Popes live extravagantly Cut off from Rome needed to get funds Annates (taxes for first year in office) Shorter time in purgatory Indulgences (sell pardons for unrepeated sins) Could buy them for those already dead Rome left in poverty Clement V Pope Clement 1309 moves papl court to Avignon never to threatened kings and emperors (church and state relationships declined and power went to the state) and religion fell into the hands of Monarchy . After taxes: churches power increased with palace of pope France, england and Germany started to Restrict PAPAL Jurisdiction and taxation in their countries. John Whycliffe and John Huss challenge church traslations of the bible, traditional cermonies and practices (started teaching vernacular and other translations of the bible. Wycliffe was found subversive. Huss was taken and imprisoned in July 6, 1415 and died at the stake. The militant hussites and taborites did 10 years of protests that lead to significant religious reforms and control over the Bohemian church. (refered to as the Babylonian captivity) (babylon is bondage of the israleites) Avignon

Great Schism (1376-1417) 2 popes!! (Rome & Avignon) Gregory XI brings papacy back to Rome Within sphere of influence of France King Charles V wanted papacy to return to Avignon Urban VI (Rome) – aggressive reform causes anger & second election Clement VII (Avignon) – “antipope”  Schism: a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief. 1378- 12 of 13 cardinals formed own conclave and elected own pope Clement VII (cousin of French King) to be pope. Church hisotry has however recognized the ROMAN line of Popes as legitmate. Tried to have them both cession. Other sought to secure the resignation of one. Both pops by a special council of the church

Great Schism divides Europe politically England, Roman Empire, Poland, Hungary, & Bohemia= Rome, France, Naples, Scotland, Castile, & Aragon= Avignon)

Conciliarism: Theory Reform movement Pope derives power from entire Christian community Constitutional structure: pope + general council poceeding from a council (conciliar) Marsiglio of Padua John Wyclif & Lollards

Conciliarism: Practice Council of Pisa (1409)  3 popes!! Council of Constance (1414-1418) – 3 goals: end Great Schism end heresy reform church Results: Kings asserted their Power over the church (France & England) -others reformed&regulated Religious life Concil convened on their own authority in Pisa in 1409 disposed of both Popes and elected Alexander V for pop. Neither pope accpted this and now there were 3 popes! Councile of constance= Emperor sigismund Summoned a new concil asserted supremacy and elected Martin V. (LIMITED CHURCH POWER RESULTED because of the GREAT SCHISM) Jan Hus

English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) (6) Peasant Revolts Jacquerie (1358) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances 100 Years War – taxation Result: Crushed by nobility English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances (Statute of Laborers freezes wages) Urging by preachers 100 Years War – French raids Head tax on adult males Result: Crushed by Richard II but serfdom disappeared by 1550

Society Life went on even in the face of calamity. What did 14th c. society look like?

Marriage & Family Prostitution Arranged Based on economics (vs. ♥) Age: men in mid-late 20s, women <20 Children = objects of affection No divorce (annulments in rare cases) Prostitution Legal & regulated Not respected Urban

Life in the Parish Work Religion Recreation Rural: farming Urban: craft guilds – hard to enter (more open post-plague) Women “inferior”  limited opportunities Religion Central to life  lay control over parish affairs Recreation Aristocracy: tournaments Commoners: archery, wrestling, alcohol Both: “blood sports,” executions

Race & Ethnicity on the Frontiers Migration of peoples to frontier regions “race”/“ethnicity” = used to mean language, customs, laws (vs. blood) Legal dualism: natives subject to local laws & newcomers subject to laws of former homeland Ireland as exception – Statute of Kilkenny (1366) As time passed, moved away from legal dualism toward homogeneity & emphasis on blood descent Dalimil Chronicle

Vernacular Literature Dante, Divine Commedy (Italy) Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (England) Villon, Lais & Grand Testament (France) Christine de Pisan, The City of Ladies, etc. (France)  lay literacy – due to needs of commerce & gov’t. Dante Christine de Pisan presenting her book to the Queen of France

Europe in 1400

The Renaissance

Journal #3 “O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.” Write the quote down Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?

Italian City-States Florence Economic prosperity Social dynamism Mediterranean trade routes Development of banking & credit Social dynamism Popolo grasso “Fat people Nobles, wealthy merchants, manufactures Mediocri Smaller merchants & market artisans Popolo Minuito “little people Laborers, artisans

Italian City-State Government Constitutional oligarchies dominated by powerful wealthy families Manipulated electoral process Played off rivalries and implemented rule (sometimes by Force) Medici (Venice, Siena, Florence & Lucca Francesco Sforza (Milan) Bell Tower of Palazzo Vecchio in Florce (watched over the dynamic center of banking, commerce, and manufacturing

THE “ISMS” of the Renaissance Humanism Individualism Secularism Scientific Naturalism

Humanism intellectual movement based on study of the Latin & Greek classics (classicism) humanities (liberal arts): grammar, rhetoric, poetry, ethics, history & Philosophy Instead of law, medicine & theory renewed interest in man and new view of humankind believed in human potential and glorified man’s dignity man depicted in art as the center of the world civic humanism: application of humanist education to civil service First half of renaissance How humanism affected the city-states themselves vs. Middle Ages – learning confined largely to Christian monasteries; subordination of humans to God; human body should be covered up, not glorified (Christian worldview)

Individualism new emphasis on individual achievement belief that the individual ought to be free to think, speak, and act for himself Able to discover truth & wisdom Could interpret text w/o assistance of Clergy vs. Middle Ages – cooperation within small communities; individual achievement subordinate to religious faith/piety (Christian worldview) Individual is the Forefront of Attention. Do you believe we can be whatever we want???????? Why or why not????? “O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.” . . . .we are “ the molder and sculptor of himself.” - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)

Individualism: Self portrait emerged Titian, Portrait of Empress Isabel of Portugal, 1548 (oil on canvas) Princes, oligarchies became subjects of paintings outside of Christ, Virgin Mary Titian, Portrait of Emperor Charles V at Muhlberg, 1548 (oil on canvas)

Secularism increasing concern with the material rather than spiritual world material values: money/wealth, material goods, leisure time/activities vs. Middle Ages – focus on the spiritual world/Kingdom of Heaven (Christian worldview) Pieter Bruegel, Peasant Dance, 1568 (oak on panel)

Children’s Games by Pieter Bruegel, 1560 (oil on oak panel)

Secularism Boccaccio (1313-1375), The Decameron: “Niccolò’s son, Filippo, being a young man and a bachelor, was wont sometimes to bring thither a woman for his pleasure, and after keeping her there for a few days to escort her thence again. Now on one of these occasions it befell that he brought thither one Niccolosa, whom a vile fellow, named Mangione, kept in a house at Camaldoli as a common prostitute. And a fine piece of flesh she was, and wore fine clothes, and, for one of her sort, knew how to comport herself becomingly and talk agreeably.” What do you notice about the picture???????????? Hans Holbein, The Ambassadors, 1533 (oil on wood)

Scientific Naturalism close observation and study of the natural world geometry / proportions / space / laws of perspective anatomy realistic portrayal of natural world vs. Middle Ages – less realistic and more stylized; focus is on representation of God rather than representation of God (Christian worldview) Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man, 1492 (pen and ink) study of ideal proportions

Scientific Naturalism Leonardo da Vinci, Study of a woman’s hands, date unknown (drawing) Leonardo da Vinci, Larynx and legs, 1510 (drawing)

You are Michelangelo You are assigned to design a mural for the ceiling Can be words, pictures (drawn), or a collage (of pictures from the computer) Has to fill up the whole 8x11 piece of white paper 1 paragraph typed on the back or on a separate piece of paper describing your work DUE Tuesday Get on the floor and stare at the ceiling 3 minutes for inspiration When Michealangelo was assigned the 16th chapel he would stare at the ceiling while lying on the floor for inspiration.

The Renaissance Architecture (Renaissance vs. Medieval Gothic) Paintings (Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo) Sculpting (Michelangelo, Donatello) Writings (Petrarch,Pico Della Mirandola, Machiavelli

Complete your graphic organizer You will go around the stations and write down everything you notice about the writings, paintings, sculptors or architectures For each station you have 5 minutes

The Renaissance & Gender Considered sinful daughters of eve (church view) Subordinate to men Can own property & write wills but cannot sell w/o permission Boys valued more than girls Female babies were abandoned or sent to convents Considered liability cause of marriage Some educated girls Became writers, publishers, booksellers, printers No prominent female painters Couldn’t go to university or be an apprentice THE RENAISSANCE was more about MENS FEELINGS and the focus of renaissance writings, paintings, scultings

Journal #4 If you were a leader and you could not be both would you rather be loved or feared? Explain your answer

The End of the Renaissance The French Invasions Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe

Decline of the City States Political life deteriorated Medici despotism faced opposition Exiled Machiavelli War between rival families Tried to outdo each other in violence, brutality, & prayer Dis-unification led to Invasions King Charles VIII marches through Italy (1st invasion) Priest/Monk Savonarola of Florence welcomed arrival was because of sin (secularism) Pope Alexander VI allows France back in (2nd invasion) Corrupt pope Allows King Louis XII to invade Milan King Francis I invades (3rd time) Goes to war with SPAIN Despotism: exercise of absolute power in a cruel or oppressive way. In 1491 130 members of one faction family were executed on a main square and hanged from poles for all to see. Then to “REPENT” they had 35 altars raised on the same square and ordered priests to say mass for 3 days in atonement for their sins. After Italian cities United (Tready of LODI) they ousted french invader and Savonarola was imprisoned and executed. Pope Alexander VI Annulls marriage of King Louis XII so he could marry

Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe France Spain England Holy Roman Empire 15th century- created standing national armies, soliders were paid instead of fighting for honor. Decline of Nobility (Black Death) & Decline of Cleary (Schism)= Increase growth of Monarchies

Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe France Professional army Collapse of English Empire in France (100 years war) Death of Charles Bold of Burgundy= King Louis XI to secure monarchy Spain Union of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united kingdoms Secured borders Christianize Spain (state controlled religion Charles I- inheritance united Spain and elected emperor Sponsored Christopher Columbus (expansion Mexico & Peru gold & silver) England War of Roses (York vs. Lancaster) Richard III kills Edward’s son to secure throne Henry VII (Henry Tudor) marries Elizabeth of York & unites royal families Holy Roman Empire Golden Bull established 7 member electoral college and elected emperor Rights of power balanced between princes & emperor Princes share executive power because of Supreme Court of Justice 15th century- created standing national armies, soliders were paid instead of fighting for honor. Spain: used to be islam, judaism & christianty until union. If Jews didn’t convert they were exciled and properties confiscated. Decline of Nobility (Black Death) & Decline of Cleary (Schism)= Increase growth of Monarchies

End of Renaissance By 1530 Artistic styles reflected loss of Self-confidence due to Invasions Optimism declined Renaissance (you can do it attitude was lost)

Northern Vs. Italian Renaissance French Invasions of Italy leads to Renaissance in Northern Europe mid 15th century Italian& france, Artistic creativity emerged. Northern: italian influence,

Desiderius Erasmus Orphan dutch cleric. Spent 7 years in monastery. Taught at universities and as a tutor in Paris and Italy. Obsessed with cleanliness and determed to infuse the church with a new moral purity influence by the Renaissance. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V permitts him to apply the scholarly techniques of humanism to biblical study. The scholastics of the middle ages overwhelmed church with empty, lifeless theology. De-emphasized the sacraments, provided a guide to living a moral life. Wrote how a prince ought to be educated and how cildren should be raised. Priests claimed “that they’ve properly performed their duty if they reel off perfunctorily their feeble prayers which I’d be greatly surprised if any God could hear or understand.”