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WHY DOES THE BODY NEED PROTEIN? Protein Provides amino acids called the building blocks of life. They are needed for basic body functions Protein is made in the body as: Structural proteins Functional proteins

Helps in growth and development. Helps in building and repairing of muscles bones, blood, skin, hair. It repairs damaged tissues due to illness and injury. STRUCTURAL PROTEIN ARE FOUND IN TISSUE

STRUCTURAL PROTEIN Growing Child bone brain all organs immune system Digestion Adult body maintenance Turn over of existing tissue l intestine l blood l bone l other organs New tissue Immune system Hair Skin

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FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS Proteins are needed for regulation of body fluids and hormones. Proteins help our bodies basic functions. Digestion Absorption Metabolism Muscle contraction Transportation nutrients Creation of Enzymes

Functions of Proteins Build and maintain tissue: Part of every cell, needed to form muscles, organs, skin, nails, hair, blood. Needed for tissue repair and growth Regulate Mineral and fluid balance: help carry sodium and potassium though cell walls. This regulates flow of water and allows for hear, lungs and brain cells. Maintain acid base balance of the blood. Make important compounds: Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies. Carry vital Substances: transport oxygen, fats, iron and other nutrients. Provide Energy: If Carbs and Lipids are lacking in the diet it can provide energy – 4Kcal

AMINO ACIDS IN DIETARY PROTEIN Protein must first be digested or broken up into it’s constituent Amino Acids Protein -> Peptides -> amino acids All proteins are polymers of amino acids and may be hundreds of amino acids long These include all 20 types amino acids

AMINO ACIDS Amino acids can be classified into two groups: essential and non-essential There are 20 AA’s found in the body  11 Non-essential AA’s can be made by the body  This leaves 9 essential AA’s that must be supplied by the diet  The body must have these to grow new tissue and maintain its health

COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE PROTEINS  Foods that contain all nine essential AA’s are called complete proteins = Animal Product  Most of these sources come from animal products, with the soybean plant also added to the list  Foods that are short of one or more of the essential AA’s are called incomplete proteins= Plant Product  Most of these are found in grains and vegetables: ground nuts, pumpkin seeds, beans, peas, lentils

VEGETARIAN? Combining different sources of protein will create an essential AA (examples): Whole wheat bread and peanut butter Rice and red beans Refried beans and corn tortillas essentials/essentials-soy/

© 2008 THOMSON - WADSWORTH HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN Protein deficiency and excesses can be harmful to health. Protein deficiencies arise from protein-deficient diets and energy-deficient diets. This is a worldwide malnutrition problem, especially for young children. High-protein diets have been implicated in several chronic diseases.

© 2008 THOMSON - WADSWORTH HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN Protein-Energy Malnutrition ( PEM)  Infections  Lack of antibodies to fight infections  Fever  Fluid imbalances and dysentery  Anemia  Heart failure and possible death  Rehabilitation  Nutrition intervention must be cautious, slowly increasing protein.  Programs involving local people work better.

© 2008 THOMSON - WADSWORTH HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN Health Effects of Protein  Heart Disease  Foods high in animal protein also tend to be high in saturated fat.  Homocysteine levels increase cardiac risks.  Arginine may protect against cardiac risks.

© 2008 THOMSON - WADSWORTH HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN Health Effects of Protein  Cancer  A high intake of animal protein is associated with some cancers.  Is the problem high protein intake or high fat intake?  Adult Bone Loss (Osteoporosis)  High protein intake associated with increased calcium excretion.  Inadequate protein intake affects bone health also.

© 2008 THOMSON - WADSWORTH HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN Health Effects of Protein  Weight Control  High-protein foods are often high-fat foods.  Protein at each meal provides satiety.  Adequate protein, moderate fat and sufficient carbohydrate better support weight loss.  Kidney Disease  High protein intake increases the work of the kidneys.

© 2008 THOMSON - WADSWORTH HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN Recommended Intakes of Protein  10-35% energy intake  Protein RDA  0.8 g/kg/day  Assumptions  People are healthy.  Protein is mixed quality.  The body will use protein efficiently.

© 2008 THOMSON - WADSWORTH HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN Protein and Amino Acid Supplements  Many reasons for supplements  Protein Powders have not been found to improve athletic performance.  Whey protein is a waste product of cheese manufacturing.  Purified protein preparations increase the work of the kidneys.

© 2008 THOMSON - WADSWORTH HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN Protein and Amino Acid Supplements  Amino Acid Supplements are not beneficial and can be harmful.  Branched-chain amino acids provide little fuel and can be toxic to the brain.  Lysine appears safe in certain doses.  Tryptophan has been used experimentally for sleep and pain, but may result in a rare blood disorder.