Patterns of Organization THE LISTING PATTERN > facts, details, examples listed in sentences after main idea > sometimes listed in order of importance > most often no specific order required WHAT HOW The government of Rhode Island was based on four principles. First, all people were equal. Second, the government received its power from the people. Third, the government was not to interfere with freedom of conscience. Fourth, the government’s main job was to protect and insure the rights of the citizens. These four principles formed the basis of the government of Rhode Island.

Listing Pattern Signal Words EXAMPLE 2 WHAT HOW The government of Rhode Island was based on four principles. One was that all people were equal. Another was that the government received its power from the people. Still another was that the government was not to interfere with freedom of conscience. Finally, the government’s main job was to protect and insure the rights of the citizens. These four principles formed the Basis of the government of Rhode Island. Listing Pattern Signal Words and too also one another some others still others furthermore first, second, etc. finally several various many numerous

All people equal Government received power from people Principles on which the Government of Rhode Island was based Gov’s main job- protect / insure rights of citizens No gov. interference with freedom of conscience

THE SEQUENCE PATTERN events, steps in processes, etc. specific order required: chronological sequential spatial, etc. WHAT HOW The colonists’ war for independence was marked by four major events. First, the battle of Lexington and Concord occurred when the British clashed with the colonists on April 19, 1775. Second, The British drove the Americans From their positions at Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775. Third, General Washington gained a victory at Princeton on Jan- ary 3, 1777. Fourth, on October 19, 1781, the British surren- dered in the war’s last major battle. These four major events were deciding factors in the colonists’ war for ind.

SIGNAL WORDS OF SEQUENCE PATTERN before how when subsequently ultimately immediately previously next meanwhile after after that formerly last initially presently first, second,etc. later finally then 4 Major Events in Colonists War for Independence April 19,1775 Clash at Lexington and Concord American victory at Bunker Hill June 17, 1775 Jan. 3, 1777 Washington’s victory at Princeton British surrender at Yorktown Oct. 19, 1781

THE COMPARE / CONTRAST PATTERN > similarities / differences > only differences > two or more persons, places, things WHAT During the War for Independence, the British and American armies were very different. The British army was composed of professional soldiers, while the American army was made up of civilians who knew little about mili- tary strategy and were untrained for warfare. Although the British were skilled soldiers, the colonists had one advan- tage- they were more familiar with the terrain than their enemy. The English used cash and credit to outfit their army with uniforms, arms, and ammunition, but the American troops usually supplied their own arms and often wore only the clothing of the day, because there was no official govern- ment with tax or money or credit. All of these facts demon- strate how different the British and American armies were when the fought in the War for Independence.

SIGNAL WORDS ( C / C ) COMPARE CONTRAST as similarly at the same time like as well as in comparison both all by the same token furthermore but on the other hand in spite of conversely despite however nonetheless on the contrary rather nevertheless notwithstanding though yet regardless whereas although in contrast unlike for all that even though

Differences between British and American armies BRITISH AMERICAN professional soldiers civilians - no strategy untrained for warfare skilled but on foreign unskilled but familiar soil with terrain Official Government: No Official Government: cash, credit = uniforms, own arms arms, ammunition wore clothing of day

BRITISH ARMY AMERICAN ARMY Quality of Military Location of Battles Ability to Finance War Effort

THE CAUSE / EFFECT PATTERN WHAT happened? (effect) WHY did it happen? (cause) Why In order to refill the treasury depleted by its many wars, What the English Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765. It required colonists to buy stamps to be placed on legal papers, diplomas and newspapers. The angry colonists, already burdened heavily, protested, since they believed that they were being taxed without being represented. As a result, the Stamp Act was repealed in 1776. WHY (did it happen) WHAT (happened)

SIGNAL WORDS - CAUSE / EFFECT PATTERN reason outcome due to result on account of as a result leads to therefore led to *thus since consequently because *hence for this reason finally CAUSES EFFECTS war debts - drain on Stamp act treasury Colonists’ protests repeal of Stamp Act “taxation without representation”

LISTING PATTERN SS What were the main points of Washington’s farewell address? Sci Name and explain the functions of the skeleton. ILA Name and discuss three character traits exhibited by Richard in the story “Hunger”. Math Name four polygons and describe each. Culture Name and describe four famous landmarks of Paris. Health Name and explain at least three ways alcohol abuse destroys the body. CONTENT QUESTIONS

SEQUENCE PATTERN: SS How does a bill become a law? SCI Explain how the respiratory system works. LA Summarize the plot of the story “Hunger”. Math Explain the steps necessary to solve the equation 2x + 4 = 12. Culture What were the high points of Charles de Gaul’s life? Health How does a fetus change each trimester? CONTENT QUESTIONS

COMPARE / CONTRAST PATTERN: SS Contrast the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans. SCI Compare the amoeba, paramecium, euglena. LA Compare Richard’s and Margot’s reactions to the abuse they experienced at the hands of their parents. Math Compare the associative and distributive properties. Culture Compare the average day of a student in France to that of an American student. Health Compare the precautions taken today to protect the blood supply with those taken twenty years ago. CONTENT QUESTIONS

CAUSE AND EFFECT PATTERN: SS What is gerrymandering? What are some frequent results of this practice? SCI What are the effects of hard water in a home? LA How did Mr. Wright’s abandoning his family affect Richard’s life? Math Why is the answer to this problem incorrect? 2x + 7 = 3x + 1 + 1 + 1 2x + 8 = 3x -2x -2x 8 = x CONTENT QUESTIONS Culture How does the diet of the French people result in such a small percentage of obese citizens? Health What is the cause of herpes? What effects does it have on the lives of those who have it?

STEP 1 Read the question then underline key words. STEPS TO ANSWER AN “ESSAY” QUESTION STEP 1 Read the question then underline key words. WHAT HOW STEP 2 Decide on the pattern of organization you must follow: listing, sequence, compare/ contrast, cause / effect STEP 3 Use the words in the question to create a topic sentence. WHAT HOW STEP 4 Create an appropriate organizer and fill it with facts, ideas, examples, etc. STEP 5 Put facts, ideas, examples into sentence combining when possible. (Use signal words of pattern)

STEP 6 Create an ending sentence by restating the topic sentence is some way. These are the facts, ideas, etc. For these reasons Because of the facts mentioned above, it is obvious that…

EXAMPLE: Name and explain the functions of the skeleton. HOW WHAT S 1 Name and explain the functions of the skeleton. LISTING PATTERN (one, another, also, finally,etc) S 2 S 3 There are four functions of the skeleton. The skeleton has several functions. S 4 Function Explanation Shape supports soft stuff /stands up/ blob Muscle Attac. gives body ability to move Makes blood marrow, red blood cells, oxygen Protection vital organs- heart, lungs, brain, spinal cord

S 5 One function is that the skeleton gives the body shape because without it we would be blobs. Another is that the bones provide a place for muscles to attach so that they can allow our bodies to move. Still another function is that red blood cells are made in the marrow of the bones. These cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also, the bones protect the vital organs of the body: the rib cage protects the heart and lungs; the skull protects the brain; and the spinal column protects the spinal cord. S 6 These are the important functions the skeleton performs in the human body.

Simple interrogative sentence. Simple imperative sentence. Multi-part question (some combination of above or compound sentences.) Response to statement or quote. VARY QUESTION FORMAT

1. What are the components of the blood? 2. Name the components of the blood. What are the components of the blood? Which do you think are the most impor- tant? Why? VARY QUESTION FORMAT More than 500 years ago the Incas of South America transfused blood through a tube from a healthy person to an injured one. Although they knew nothing about blood, few if any people died. When western European doctors tried this in the 1600s, many died. How might the different outcomes be explained?

RESPONDING TO PROMPTS Read prompt and underline key words. Decide what type of writing is required. Descriptive (Essay) Listing Compare / Contrast Sequence Narrative Cause / Persuasive Effect 3. Recall elements of the type. Create and fill in appropriate organizer. (signal words?) Put organizer ideas into sentences. Combine when possible. 6. Write concluding sentence appropriate to type.

SCENARIOS Some say Franklin D. Roosevelt was the best president in the history of this country. Respond._____________ Write several paragraphs telling about the most embarrassing day of your life.____________________ Take a pro or con position on the topic of stem cell research in a letter to the editor of your city’s most widely read newspaper._______________________ At the age of 18 you will have the right to vote. Which political party will you join? Why?________________ If, as a student of the Spanish language, you were given a choice of Spanish cities to visit, which would you choose? Why?_____________________

Name your favorite kind of music Name your favorite kind of music. Tell a friend who doesn’t share your opinion why your favorite is preferable to his / hers._______________________ 7. What advice would you give a teenager who is looking for a plan to stay physically and mentally fit over the course of his life?____________________ 8. The saying “Honesty is the best policy” has long been held by most Americans as true. Do you agree? Why or why not?_____________________ READ PLAN WRITE REVISE / EDIT (if time permits)

SCENARIOS A local animal rights organization does not like the city’s dog leash ordinance. The organization coordinates a protest march, making sure their permits are in order. The day of the march, the leader is jailed. Is the arrest legal? Explain. SCENARIOS 10. A man is caught stealing a loaf of bread from a local store. He is arrested and convicted of a crime. The judge gives him 30 days in jail and ordered that his right hand be cut off. The sentence was struck down. Why?

SCENARIOS A man’s religion expresses a belief in multiple marriage. As an expression of that religion, the man takes four wives. The state he lives in arrested him on a charge of polygamy. Doesn’t he have the right to practice his religion? Is his arrest legal? Explain. SCENARIOS Assignment: Choose an amendment in the Bill of Rights. Write an original scenario to pose to your classmates.

SAT Essay Sample Time has a doomsday book, on whose pages he is continually recording illustrious names. But as often as a new name is written there, an old one disappears. Only a few stand in illuminated characters never to be effaced. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow SAT Essay Sample

SAT Essay Sample ASSIGNMENT Are there some heroes who will be remem- bered forever? Or are all heroes doomed to be forgotten one day? Plan your response, then write an essay to explain your views on this issue. Be sure to support your position with specific points and examples. (You may use personal examples or examples from your reading, observations, or knowledge of subjects such as history, literature, science.) SAT Essay Sample

WHAT HOW Remembered? Forgotten? heroes Type of Writing Elements of Type Opinion Essay Thesis statement Introductory Para. Reasons 1,2,3 Supports: facts, examples Concluding Para. Satisfactory Ending Organizer Heroes Reason R/F Facts, Ex.,etc. Chart

Introductory Paragraph Basic Premise Thesis Statement and all reasons Reason 1 Examples Facts Observations Reason 2 Examples Facts Observations

Reason 3 Examples Facts Observations Concluding Paragraph - Restatement of Introductory Paragraph Satisfactory Ending