MORPHOLOGY

Morphology The study of internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed

Morphology: the word of language Important part of our linguistic knowledge

Word “A unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native speaker, in both spoken and written language” (Crystal) “The smallest of linguistic unit which can occur on its own in speech or writing” (Richard & Schmidt)

Conti…. “A unit of meaning” (Finch) “A minimal free form” (Bloomfield)

Content words Noun, verbs, adjectives and adverbs Denote concept such as objects, action, attributes and ideas Open class words

Function words Grammatical function Conjunctions, preposition, articles, pronouns, Articles indicate definite or indefinite noun Preposition indicate relationship or possession Closed-class

Morpheme “the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function”. The minimal grammatical linguistic unit- is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and meaning that cannot be further analysed. Every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.

boy (one syllable) desire, lady, boy + ish desire + able boy + ish + ness desire + able + ity gentle + man + li +ness un + desire + able +ity un + gentle + man + li+ness anti +dis + establish +ment+ari + an + ism

lexical (child, teach) free functional (and, the) Morphemes bound inflectional (re,ness) derivational (‘s, -ed)

Bound Morphemes Cannot normally stand alone or typically attached to another form All affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English

Prefix Bound morphemes which occur only before other morphemes. Examples: un- (uncover, undo) dis- (displeased, disconnect), pre- (predetermine, prejudge)

Suffixes Bound morphemes which occur following other morphemes. Examples: -er (singer, performer) -ist (typist, pianist) -ly (manly, friendly)

Infixes Bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes. Example: fikas "strong" fumikas "to be strong" (Bontoc Language)

Free Morphemes Can stand by themselves as a single word Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy.. Set of separate English word form such as basic noun, adjectives, verbs, etc.

Rules of word formation Knowledge of individual morphemes, their pronunciation and their meaning and the knowledge of the rules for combining morphemes into complex words. V+ify→verb V+ify→ +ify+ication→noun

The form that result from addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word

Derivational Morphology Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root morphemes or stems They can be both suffixes and prefixes in English. Examples: beautiful, exactly, unhappy, impossible, recover Change of Meaning Examples: un+do (the opposite meaning of ‘do’) sing+er ( deriving a new word with the meaning of a person who sings).

The Hierarchical Structure of Words A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes. It has an internal structure. Hierarchical structure is an essential property of human language.

Word Coinage Invention of totally new terms Words are used usually without capital letters e.g,Kleenex, Xerox, etc

Compound Joining of two words together to form third Involves two nouns (frequently) Book+case=bookcase Wall+paper=wallpaper Lambs+wool=lambswool

Acronyms Words derived from the initial s of several words

Random Access Memory Video Cassette Recorder

Some Commonly Used Acronyms  CD  Radar  Laser  ATM  PIN  GB Compact Disk Radio Detecting and Ranging Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Automatic teller machine Personal identification number Giga Byte

Back-formation Specified reduction process Word of one type is reduced to form a word of another type (usually N → V)

Continued……. Television ………Televise Donation………...Donate Emotion………… Emote Editor …………... Edit

Clipping Abbreviation of longer words may become lexicalised

Blends

Smog

Motel

Broast

Brunch

Grammatical Morphemes Have not any clear lexical meaning have only clear sense in a sentence, e.g. to, it and etc

Inflectional Morphemes Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes They are only found in suffixes in English. Examples: boys, Mary’s, walked

Inflectional Morphemes Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes They are only found in suffixes in English. Examples: boys, Mary’s, walked

Conti…. No change of Meaning Examples: walk vs. walks toy vs. toys Never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme to they which they are attached. They are always attached to completed words Examples: walk vs. walked or walks (V--> V)

Conti…. In English, inflectional morphemes typically follow derivational morphemes Examples:unlikelihood, unlikelihoods (not *unlikeslihood)

English Inflectional Morphemes -s third person singular present She waits at home. -ed past tense She waited at home. -ing progressive She is eating the donut. -en past participle Mary has eaten the donuts.

-s plural She ate the donuts. -’s possessive Disa's hair is short. -er comparative Disa has shorter hair than Karin. -est superlative Disa has the shortest hair.

Morph Phonological realization of a morpheme Allomorphs and variants The appearance of one morph over another

Morphological analysis Speaker of a language have the knowledge to perceive the component morphemes and morphological rules for their combination