Arthrology
Arthrology Definition: Greek, (arthro= joint), (logos= science). Arthrology is study of joints
Joints Joints are places where two or more bones are connected
Classification Based on Structure Non movable Semi-moveable movable.
Non Moveable Joints Bones connected by fibrous tissue No joint cavity Skull Fibula - Tibia
Skull (Sutures)
Tibia – Fibula (Syndesmoses)
Semi moveable joints The bones are connected by cartilage There is no joint cavity Ribcage In between Vertebrae
Ribcage
In between Vertebrae
Cartilage Soft bone Found in ear, nose and joints
Synovial Joints Most movable joints in the body There is a joint cavity. Cartilage covers the ends of the opposing bones) Ligaments keep bones together
Synovial joint
Arthritis
Types of Moveable Joints Ball and Socket Joint Allow for the most freedom of movement
Types of Moveable Joints Hinge joint allows movement in only one direction. Back and forth
Types of Joints Pivot joint Allows rotation
Types of Joints Saddle joint - Thumb
Types of Moveable Joints Condyloid joint One bone is slightly rounded and fits in the other one
Types of Moveable Joints Sliding or gliding joint - Two flat surfaces that slide over each other
Types of Joints Joint Type Example Ball and Socket Hinge Saddle Pivot Condyloid Gliding
Basic Structure & General Anatomy Articular capsule encloses joint cavity continuous with periosteum lined by synovial membrane Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces Articular discs and menisci jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee joints absorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forces Tendon attaches muscle to bone Ligament attaches bone to bone
Tendon Sheaths and Bursae Bursa = saclike extension of joint capsule between nearby structures so slide more easily past each other Tendon sheaths = cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Classification Based on Function Synarthroses-immovable joints (sutures) Amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints( fibrous connection)( intervetebral discs) Diarthroses-freely movable joints( synovial) Synarthroses and amphiarthroses are largely restricted to the axial skeleton Diarthroses predominate in the limbs.
Summary of Joint Classification Structural Class Characteristics Types Mobility Fibrous Bones united by collagen fibers Suture Syndesmosis gomphosis Immobile (synarthrosis) Slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis) Immobile Cartilaginous Bone ends united by cartilage Synchondrosis (hyaline) Symphysis (fibrocartliage) Slightly moveable Synovial Bone ends covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within a capsule lined with a synovial membrane Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball and socket Freely moveable (diarthrosis) which depends on joint design