1. GENERAL ARTHROLOGY

2. Synarthrotic Joints
No joint capsule and no movement between adjacent bones
Suture
Dense Fibrous CT
Gomphosis
Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments
Synchondrosis – Hyaline Cartilage
Epiphyseal Line (plate)
Synostosis – Bony Joints (Fused)

4. Types of Sutures

6. synchodroses

7. SYMPHSIS

8. Synovial Joint
pg 215

9. SYNOVIAL JOINT PERIOSTEUM LIGAMENT JT CAVITY FIBROUS CAPSULE
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

10. 3. Pivot Joint
rotation
Projection of bone 1 articulates within ring of bone 2
Also found in proximal end of radius  pronation and supination

11. BALL AND SOCKET

13. Knee Joint Much more complex than elbow
Much less stable than other hinge joints
Some gliding and rotation
structurally 3 separate joints
No single joint capsule

14. Joint Shapes Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex
pg 225
Joint Shapes
Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex
side-to-side, back-forth movement
(eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb
Ball + Socket: spherical head + round socket
multiaxial movement
(eg) shoulder, femur

15. Bursae & Tendon Sheaths
Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining
Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons
3 Factors in Joint Stability:
Muscle Tone
Ligaments
Fit of Articular Surface
pg 219

16. pg 224
Joint Shapes
Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other
angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal
Plane: articular surface in flat plane
Short gliding movement
(eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae

17. Joint Shapes Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity
pg 225
Joint Shapes
Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity
side-to-side, back+forth movement
(eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament
rotation on long axis
(eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

18. Representative Articulations
Temporomandibular Joint
Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation
Articular disc

19. Special Movements супінація і пронація Протракція (висування)
Ретракція (засування)

20. BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS
CORACOACRMIAL LIGAMENT
SUBACROMIAL BURSA
TENDON SHEATH

21. BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)

23. ELBOW JOINT
BICEPS TENDON
TROCHLEA
SYNOVIAL CAVITY
BURSA

26. MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT) BALL AND SOCKET

27. MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)

28. FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN

29. FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS

30. ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/ CIRCUMDUCTION

31. INVERSION/EVERSION

32. Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other
Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon
numerous in hand and foot

33. Total Knee Replacement

34. Lab 12: Articulations Lab 6: Cartilage Connective Tissue

35. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLNE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS
2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS
3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS
4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER .ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS
5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT.
6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT

36. DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS.
SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS.
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION:
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

37. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION
SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures)
AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs)
DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL)
SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON
DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

38. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE
BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY.
FIBROUS JOINTS
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS-
-BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE
-no joint cavity
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

39. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS-
THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE
THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY
Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones)
Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)
SYNOVIAL JOINTS-
-MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY
-THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID)
-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES)
-ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED)
-REINFORCING LIGAMENTS
-BURSAE
-MOVEMENT VS STABILITY