Judaism, Christianity and Islam Unit 2

Judaism History One of the oldest religions- 4,000 years old Abraham and his descendants were monotheistic and are considered the fathers of Judaism. Abraham is the common ancestor for Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Jerusalem, Israel is the holiest location for Jews today. What other religions recognize Jerusalem as sacred?

Major Beliefs of Jews There is only one God and God provides standards of right and wrong that people should follow. Treat others well. The Hebrew Bible contains broad principles such as “Be kind to strangers” and “Love your neighbor” as well as specific instructions to ensure others are treated fairly. Honor the Sabbath. Judaism teaches that Jews should spend one day a week, the Sabbath, focusing on things other than work and material concerns.

Jerusalem

History of Christianity Jesus was a Jew who started teaching a new religion based off of Jewish teachings Began when Jesus died, approximately 33 A.D. After Jesus’s death, Apostles continued to preach and spread the message of Jesus. 313 A.D. Roman Emperor Constantine made Christianity the official religion on the Roman Empire The Bible was written by the 12 apostles inspired by Jesus and God

History of Christianity Jews, Muslims, and Christians all believe Jesus existed. What is it that the Christians believe about Jesus that is different than the other two? Messiah! Resurrection

Important people in Christianity Jesus - Son of God, Messiah 12 apostles - Men who worked with Jesus and spread Christianity when he died Apostle Paul- Missionary that spread Christianity immediately after Jesus’s death Emperor Constantine- Made Christianity the official religion of Roman Empire with the Edict of Milan.

Divisions of Christianity CatholicismOrthodoxProtestant Baptist, Lutheran, Episcopalian, Presbyterian Methodist Pentecostal Assembly of God

History of Islam Muhammad born in 570 A.D. Muhammad began preaching Islam about 613 A.D. Began in 622 A.D. when Muhammad went to Medina Muhammad died in 632 A.D. In the 6 th and 7 th centuries, Muslims expanded their empire in an effort to spread Islam.

What is this place of worship called? A Mosque

This is the Ka’bah in the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia Muslims make the hajj to this location

The Byzantine Empire

Beginning of Byzantine Empire As the Roman Empire was declining, Emperor Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople When the Roman Empire finally collapsed, the Byzantine Empire rose out of it’s ashes in Constantinople Sometimes called “New Rome”

Emperor Justinian Ruled (38 years) Captured and controlled more land than any other emperor Built the Hagia Sophia as part of his plan to make the city of Constantinople great. Created a law system called the Justinian Code that would be spread far and used as an example for law systems in other countries. This legal system was more organized than the one used in Rome! He was an autocrat (controlled politics and religion)

The Hagia Sophia- influenced Turkish architecture for centuries.

What are these? What are they used for?

Justinian’s Plague During the reign of the emperor Justinian I ( CE), one of the worst outbreaks of the plague took place, claiming the lives of millions of people. The plague arrived in Constantinople in 542 CE, almost a year after the disease first made its appearance in the outer provinces of the empire. The outbreak continued to sweep throughout the Mediterranean world for another 225 years, finally disappearing in 750 CE. Justinian I Constantinople empire Mediterranean The plague weakened the Byzantine Empire. This and war with other civilizations allowed for Muslim Invaders to make progress.

Life after Emperor Justinian The Byzantine Empire was the largest and greatest during Emperor Justinian’s rule After his death, many of the lands he conquered were overrun and invaded The Byzantine empire shrank after his death Constantinople still remained a wealthy city due to trade and it’s location The bezant, or Byzantine money was circulated all the way to England and China

End of Byzantine Empire 1000 AD Constantinople faced invasions from the Muslim Seljuk Turks 1096 the Emperor asked for help from Rome and the Catholic Church to fight off the Muslim Turks This began the Crusades 1453 The Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople and claimed it as Muslim territory The Ottomans transformed Hagia Sophia into a Muslim Mosque The Ottomans (Muhammad II )renamed Constantinople to Istanbul

End of Byzantine Empire The Muslim Ottoman Empire treated those of different religions with more tolerance than Christian, Europeans rulers of the time. Jews and Christians were left alone and allowed to follow their own religion, however, they had to pay a special tax to do so.

The Shona of Great Zimbabwe Rise to Power o Originally derived wealth from herds of cattle Then found gold in central part of kingdom o Location, Location, Location Like Ghana located between trading posts, but on Indian Ocean Evidence of trade with Syria, and Persia

Ghana Gold Salt Trade o Location! Location! Location! Ghana was located in the midway between Saharan salt mines and tropical gold mines o Caravans of Muslim merchants brought goods, which Ghanaian people exchanged for gold Trade conducted via the silent trade Muslims brought their religion to the people of Ghana

Mali Mansa Musa o Devout Muslim king Bases legal and justice system on the Qur’an o Makes hajj to Mecca, but stops in Egypt first Gives Egypt so much gold that the value of gold declines for 10 straight years Traveled with 12,000 servants each wearing silk & carrying gold bars, which were given to the poor

Songhai The largest of the 3 major West African kingdoms Took control of Timbuktu Expanded trade to Europe and Asia o Time of great cultural diffusion Askia Muhammad sets up high functioning bureaucracy and centralized power o 5 provinces each with A governor Tax collector Judges (Like Mansa Musa, had laws based on Qur’an) Trade inspectors