Chapter 4, Lesson 3 A Christian Europe It Matters Because: Christianity divided in to the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches. Despite this division, all Christians share core beliefs that go back to Jesus of Nazareth.

A. When Roman Empire fell, Catholic Church continued to thrive under Pope’s leadership 1. Europe turned to the Church for peace, order, and unity B. Religious communities called monasteries grew 1. Men called monks dedicated their lives to simple living, prayer, and charity 2. Monks were required to show generosity and hospitality to strangers C. Women called nuns lived similarly in convents D. Monks and nuns helped the poor, ran hospitals and schools, and helped preserve Greek and Roman knowledge I. The Early Catholic Church

II. Byzantine Government and Religion A. Eastern Roman Empire became known as Byzantine Empire 1. Under thriving Byzantine Empire, Eastern Orthodox Church reflected the region’s Greek heritage B. Byzantine Emperors: 1. were heads of both church and government 2. were crowned in religious ceremony 3. took oath to defend Orthodox Church 4. appointed church officials

III. The Icons Controversy A.Key element of Catholic and Orthodox worship was icons 1. Icons - images of people considered holy by the church 2. Displayed in Orthodox churches and homes. 3. Many Byzantines felt icons were a form of idol worship B. Under Emperor Leo III, icons were removed from Byzantine churches 1. Iconoclast – government official who removed icons from churches C. Icon controversy damaged relationship between Catholic and Orthodox churches

IV. The Great Schism A. Greatest disagreement between churches was over Pope’s authority 1. Pope claimed authority over all churches 2. Byzantines believed Archbishop of Constantinople and other 3 patriarchs were equal to the Pope B. When Rome was invaded in late 700s, Pope requested help, and Byzantine Emperor refused 1. Charlemagne and the Franks help; Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor C. In 1054, the Pope and Archbishop of Constantinople excommunicated each other 1. Excommunicate – to remove from the church 2. Created a schism (split) between West and East

V. Christian Missionaries A. Paula, a nun, and Jerome, a scholar, translated the Greek and Hebrew Bible into Latin 1. Latin was the language of Western Europe and the Catholic Church B. In 400s, a priest and former Roman slave named Patrick converted the Celts in Ireland and set up churches and monasteries C. In 597, King Ethelbert converted to Christianity 1. Within 100 years, most of Britain accepted Christianity 2. England and Ireland become centers of religion and culture

D. Cyril and Methodius were missionaries who brought Christianity to Slavic people of Eastern Europe 1. Believed people would receive message better if they heard in own language 2. Invented Cyrillic alphabet, based on Greek, to translate Bible 3. Cyrillic alphabet still used today V. Christian Missionaries

Roman Catholic Eastern OrthodoxChurch 1. Emperor is head of church and government 1. Pope is head of church 2. Monarchs are heads of government 1. Church plays a central role in daily life 2. Emperor pledged to protect the church 3. Pope had great influence over government 2. People paid taxes to the church