Muslim World Chapters 21 and 26

Common Terms  Ottomans  Persia  Shah  Shah Jahan  Sikhs  Mughals  Asia Minor  Suez Canal  Boxer Rebellion

Chapter 21 and 26 Years  1453  Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (restore it)  Ending the Byzantine Empire  1501  Ismail I conquers Tabriz  Begins Safavid Dynasty (modern day Iran)  Between Ottomans (W) and Mughals (E)  Shia becomes official and only religion  1912  Revolution led by Sun Yat-Sen  Fall of the Qing Dynasty  Creates the Republic of China

Chapter 21 Identify  Battle of Chaldiran (1514)  Between Ottomans (win) and Safavids  Stops spread of Shia state (firearms importance shown)  Part of the larger Ottoman-Persian War  Babur  Turkish leader founded Mughal Dynasty (1526)  Janissaries  Ottoman Infantry  Conscripted youths from conquered areas  Red Heads  Name given to Safavid followers due to headgear (tassle)  Din-i-Ilahi  Religion that Akbar started (short lived)  Blend Hinduism and Islam

Chapter 26 Identify  Sultan Selim III (Ottoman sultan) ( )  Attempted to improve administration and military  Assassinated by Janissaries  Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan)  Crushed the Janissaries and initiated Western reforms  Tanzimat Reforms  Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876;.  Young Turks  Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress  Seek the return of the 1876 constitution  Gained power through a coup in  Nurhaci  United the Manchu  Defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty in China  forced submission of nomadic peoples in the west  compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma

Chapter 26 Identify  Lin Zexu (19th-century Chinese official)  Charged with ending the opium trade  Led to the Opium War.  Opium Wars (1839)  Fought between Britain and Qing China  British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.  Taiping Rebellion (1850’s-1860’s)  Massive rebellion in S China (Semi-Christian)  Tried to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.  Mamluks (slave soldiers)  Rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans  defeated by Napoleon in 1798 (shows Muslim vulnerability)  Khedives  Descendants of Muhammad Ali; rulers of Egypt until 1952.

3 Early modern Islamic Empires  Mongols crushed Abbasids etc  All 3 come from Turkic nomads  1. Ottoman ( ) Osman I  Based out of Anatolia  Sunni Muslim (Court spoke Turkish)  Rule Christians and Muslims  2. Safavid ( ) Ismail I  Based out of Persia  Shia rule mostly Muslims  3. Mughal ( ) Babur  Based out of India  Sunni rule mostly non-Muslims

Ottomans

Constantinople/Istanbul

Hagia Sophia

Ottomans  Timur  Conquers part of OE and Egypt (Europe is worried WHY?)  Eventually Mehmed II restores OE (captures Constantinople)  Military  Naval power  Able to capture major Med islands  But can’t prevent Europeans from Indian Ocean trade (Problem?)  Portugal is the 1 st to threaten trade  Janissaries (Who are they?)  Control artillery and firearms (superior to Aristocratic cavalry)  Succession  Not clearly defined  What problems does that cause?

Ottomans  M, C, J merchants are important  WHY?  Artisans in Constantinople  Built guilds (just like Europeans)  Why?

Muhammad Ali  Egypt Reforms (1801)  Muhammad Ali takes control (French defeated by British)  Introduce conscription (Hire French advisors)  Import western arms  Rebuild irrigation systems  Improve industry (FAILED)  Europeans stop MA taking over OE WHY?  Khedives (MA had died)  Get greedy  Rely heavily on cotton export (increase debt)  Europeans invest in Suez Canal  Army officer revolt against gov (1882)  Britain intervenes & takes control of Egypt

Tanzimat Reforms  Tanzimat Reforms (Mahmud II)  Attempt to preserve weakened empire  Western Education (newspapers established)  Postal and telegraph systems  Railroads constructed  Legal reforms  1876 European style constitution  ARTISANS SUFFER WITH INCREASED EUROPEAN COMP  Women gain little b/c Islamic influence  Polygamy, seclusion, veiling continue  Sultan Abdul Hamid wants return to despotic absolutism  Overthrown by Young Turks (continue West reform)

Ottoman Downfall  Decline of Civilization  1. Internal weakness (corruption, pursuit of pleasure, ideology differences, poor com)  2. External pressure  When empire expands less problems WHY?  1. Rulers lose touch  2. Succession issues produce division  3. Western Europe grows stronger (unlike during the Abbasid era)  Early 18 th century A-H gains territories  Late 18 th century Russia is a major threat  As a result Britain supported them (stop Russian advance to Med)  1830 Greece gets independence (1 st successful rebellion)  4. Greed and corruption of local officials  5. Oppressive officials cause problems (WHY?)  Ultimately Ottoman Dynasty lasts over 600 years (unmatched)

Safivid

Safavid  Abbas I ( )  Height of empire  Fearing plots against him  Eliminate suitable heirs  Eventually ends 1736  Nadir Shah (1736) attempts to restore empire but fails

Mughals

 Akbar (reformer)  Start a new religion  Regulate consumption of alcohol  Improve women’s position (end seclusion)  Allow widow remarriage  Discourage child marriage  Prohibit sati  Reforms failed but left strong empire  Jahangir and Shah Jahan (successors)  Wives become influential (women decline elsewhere)  Child marriage etc returned WHY?  Eventually Hindu suppression (Aurangzeb etc) and European interests cause downfall

Qing China  Last dynasty  Nurhaci unites Manchu  Invade China (Ming are weak)  Take Beijing in 1644  Keep Exam system, social order (scholar gentry)  Reform minded  Improve rural unrest and distress  1. Decrease taxes  2. Repair infrastructure  Failed  1. Huge population growth  2. Disappearance of open lands

19 th century Qing decline  1. unfair exam system  2. food shortages  Leads to migrations  Leads to thieves  3. Massive gov growth (Why is this a problem?)  4. Diversion of money to private accounts  1912  Last emperor of China  Republic of China

Opium Wars  Britain unhappy with trade with China (unfair to Brit)  Reverse flow of bullion  Bring in the Opium trade from India  Fixes balance of trade Silver now comes out of China  Lin Zexu?  Outcome?