1. Interactive Notebook Setup
2/12/2018
Ottoman Politics and Culture
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2. Ottoman Rise and Politics
Millets
Ottoman Rise and Politics
Ottoman Art and Culture
Devsirme
Janissaries

3. From 1300 to 1700, three “gunpowder empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, & Asia
The Safavid Empire
The Mughal Empire
The Ottoman Empire
Three of the great empires of history—the Ottomans in Turkey, the Safavids in Persia, and the Mughals in India—emerged in the Muslim world between the 14th and the 18th centuries.
As powerful societies moved to expand their empires, Turkish, Persian, Mongol, and Arab ways of life blended. The result was a flowering of Islamic culture that peaked in the 16th century.
The rulers of all three great Muslim empires of this era based their authority on Islam. They based their power on strong armies, advanced technology, and loyal administrative officers.

4. These empires were unique but shared some similarities:
All 3 empires were able to conquer neighboring people because they formed strong armies using rifles & artillery
Three of the great empires of history—the Ottomans in Turkey, the Safavids in Persia, and the Mughals in India—emerged in the Muslim world between the 14th and the 18th centuries.
As powerful societies moved to expand their empires, Turkish, Persian, Mongol, and Arab ways of life blended. The result was a flowering of Islamic culture that peaked in the 16th century.
The rulers of all three great Muslim empires of this era based their authority on Islam. They based their power on strong armies, advanced technology, and loyal administrative officers.
All 3 empires were Islamic & ruled by Muslim leaders with well-organized gov’ts made up of loyal bureaucrats
All 3 empires blended their culture with neighboring societies to create a high point of Islamic culture

5. Ottoman Rise and Politics
SUNNI Islamic Turkish nomadic people, comprised of aggressive and warlike tribes who raided agricultural people using cavalry
Took advantage of power vacuum left by Seljuk Turks being destroyed by the Mongols and an ever weakening Byzantine Empire

6. The Ottoman Empire

7. Ottoman Rise and Politics
Empire lasted from
Most prominent and powerful during the 15th-17th Century
Much of the early conquest led by man named Osman
Where the empire gets its name
Spread Turkish language
Conquered Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire

8. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

9. “Europeans” vs. Turks

10. The End of the Byzantine Empire

11. Expansion paid for by tribute from conquered peoples
The Ottoman Empire
By the late 1600s, the Ottomans had expanded into the Middle East, Northern Africa, & Eastern Europe
Expansion paid for by tribute from conquered peoples

12. Ottoman Rise and Politics
Leaders called Sultan were the supreme political and religious leader of the Turks
Most famous Mehmed II and Suleyman The magnificent
Any of the Sultan’s offspring had the ability to be the “heir” but they often were forced to kill all their brothers once they obtained the distinction

13. Ottoman Rise and Politics
Viziers or advisors often oversaw the actual administration and bureaucracy of the government
With the top vizier known as the Grand Vizier

14. Ottoman Rise and Politics
Military leaders were given land grants called timars in place of being paid
Responsible for maintaining agricultural production, collection of all taxes, and administration of timar
Timar and need for cavalry grazing land lead to constant expansion

15. Millet
This system was set up to deal with ruling diverse non-Muslim population
At times as much as 80% of the empire was non-Muslim
Each religious groups was organized into a millet
Each religious group was considered its own millet, with multiple millets existing in the empire

16. Millet Power to: Elect own leaders Enforce religion’s rules
Create courts
Use own language and develop own institutions

17. Devsirme
Starting in the 1300’s the Ottomans occasionally collected what is called a devsirme from the Balkans
A devsirme is a human tax of young Christian males
Taught Turkish and many of them converted to Islam
Served important military and civil service positionshen trained for either military service or government administration

19. Devsirme
Created a bureaucratic elite group directly loyal to the sultan
Prevented a hereditary aristocracy from developing to challenge the power of the sultan

20. Janissaries Many devsirme became part of this elite military unit
Technically slaves
These soldiers were raised by the state, from as young as 6
Depended on the Ottoman state rather than their families, creating extreme loyalty

22. Janissaries

23. Janissaries
Controlled firearms and artillery, giving them essential power in the military
Successes with gunpowder lead to it becoming an essential feature of Ottoman expansion