2. Similarities The peak of Islam’s political and military power All based on military conquest All from Turkic nomadic cultures All absolute monarchies

3. Differences All were Muslim but Mughals ruled over a predominantly non-Muslim population Ottomans had large Christian minority Safavids were Shi’ite Muslims

6. Ottoman Turks began to build power on northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula. With decline of Seljuk Turks, Ottomans expanded and founded the Ottoman dynasty 1300’s: Ottomans expanded into Balkan Peninsula Serbian defeat at Battle of Kosovo

7. Fall of Constantinople in 1453 brought end to the Byzantine Empire The Ottomans made the city their capital renaming it Istanbul Mehmet II enters Constantinople

8. Under rule of Sultan Selim I, the Ottomans took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula with holy cities of Mecca and Medina Selim declared himself Caliph Ottoman rule spread across North Africa

9. Suleiman IGreatest threat to Europe came under rule of greatest of Ottoman rulers, Suleiman I. Under his leadership, Ottomans occupy Hungary Suleiman the Magnificent! Even my hat is magnificent!

11. In 16 th century, the Ottomans expanded into Europe By 1529 Vienna was besieged! Combined European force pushed Ottomans out of Austria and eventually Hungary Siege of Vienna

12. Ottoman rule  The Ottomans copied many aspects of Byzantine political structure, especially imperial rule  A strong centralized government was established with the sultan at its head in Istanbul.  The position of sultan was hereditary

13.  Most high government officials were Muslim by birth and many were chosen based on merit  The Ottomans administered their lands through local rulers called pashas Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt

14. Islamic law applied to all Ottoman territory The Ottomans were tolerant of non- Muslims - head tax Non-Muslim religions were headed by an official who was responsible to the sultan

15. Women had greater freedom under the Ottomans than in other Muslim nations Could own and inherit property, could not be forced into marriage, and were permitted to divorce Women in the Ottoman court

16. …meanwhile, in Persia…

18. Safavids descended from Turkic tribesmen in northern Iran 1501- Safi al-Din Ismail seized much of what is today Iran and Iraq (Persia) Fought over land with Ottomans who forced them to sign peace treaty Safavid soldier

19. Shah AbbasSafavids reached peak of power under Shah Abbas With help of Europeans, Shah Abbas attempted to take more lands from Ottomans Another peace treaty was signed but conflict continued for many years

20. The Safavids declined after death of Shah Abbas in 1629 Afghan tribesmen invaded and captured the Safavid capital and forced the royal family to flee to Azerbaijan, their original homeland

21. Safavid rule comparable to the Ottomans Safavids had vibrant middle class Carpets were prized all over the world Persian Carpets

23. BaburFounded by Babur, descended from Genghis Khan Invaded India from Kabul and conquered Delhi Using that city as his base, he expanded into the subcontinent Babur

24. Akbar,After Babur’s death, his son, Akbar, continued the expansion until most of India was under his control Empire appeared highly centralized but was actually a collection of semi-independent states held together by the emperor Akbar

25. Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a policy of religious tolerance Hindus served in lesser positions in his court and even Christians were present in the form of Jesuit advisors Akbar even took a Hindu bride

26. Political stability and peace = period of growth in trade and manufacturing Much of the trade was handled by Muslim merchants

27. Shah Jahan,Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan, murdered had all rivals murdered In order to secure hold on power Excessive military campaigns and corruption in court impoverished state Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal for deceased wife Shah Jahan

29. His son, Aurangzeb, killed brother and imprisoned Shah Jahan forced Hindus to convertAurangzeb forced Hindus to convert to Islam and forbade the construction of Hindu temples Social unrest resulted in a number of revolts

30. Weakened from within, Delhi was sacked by Persians in 1739 The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French all sought influence in India Increasing British influence under the East India Company by 1757, the “company” had aquired the right to collect taxes for the Mughal emperor in parts of southeast India!