1. Rise of the Muslim Cultures Mr. Simmons World History

2. Ottoman Turks Ottoman Empire started in the late 13 th Century Ottomans expanded west to control the straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles. (connect Black Sea and Aegean Sea. Leaders called sultans and they built strong army of foot soldiers. Use of new technology helped expand empire. (firearms)

3. Expansion Expansion into Europe, N. Africa, and Southwest Asia Mehmet II ended the Byzantine Empire – sacked Constantinople in 1453 (renamed Istanbul) Selim I captured Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia – he declared himself caliph and successor to Muhammad. Ottomans last European defeat came in1683 where they lost in Vienna and never attacked Central Europe again.

4. Ottoman Rule Called “gunpowder empires” Sultan was head of Ottoman system (hereditary similar to King’s) The Topkapi Palace was the center of the sultan’s power Empire was split into districts or provinces

5. Religion and Society in the Ottoman World Ottomans were Sunni Muslims Sultans gave ulema their religious powers Tolerant of non-Muslims but they had to pay special taxes Four classes: peasants – leased land from state, artisans – organized into guilds, merchants – privileged, exempt from most taxes, and pastoral – own laws and regulations

6. Ottoman Decline Empire began to lose territory in 1699. Sultans became less involved in the Government The senior leaders in the government lost touch with the less powerful leaders and corruption started. Taxes rose as Treasury was depleted by war

7. Discussion Questions 1. Does religious tolerance generally weaken or strengthen a country? 2. Imagine you have conquered a lot of land what are the first steps you need to complete to unify your lands? 3. Jerusalem is the holy City to three faiths name them?

8. Safavid Dynasty Safavid Dynasty emerged in the 16 th Century They were Sunni Muslims and took control of Persia and Central Asia. Shah Ismail founded the Safavids Shah – (King) Fought in many conflicts with the Ottomans High point from 1558-1629 under Shah Abbas

9. Safavid Dynasty Lost to Ottomans in Tabriz and moved capital back to Isfahan. In early 18 th Century Safavid Dynasty declined and Persia crumbled into state of lawlessness and disorder. Pyramid-shaped class system – Shah, middle classes, an common people Shahs were available to the people Safavids were not as prosperous as Ottomans

10. Discussion Questions 1. What do you think of when you think of Persia? 2. Most Ancient Empires political system was shaped like pyramids how would you describe the American Political system? 3. Why do you think many Muslim countries require women to wear veils?

11. The Mogul Dynasty Babur founded the Mogul Dynasty in 16 th Century Found in modern day India Advanced artillery helped Babur capture Delhi against an army ten times the size of his own. Akbar came to thrown in 1605 Known as the humane ruler because he tolerated other religions, and beliefs

12. The Mogul Dynasty Divided land into provinces and gave zamindars local power. Empire started to decline under Shah Jahan in 1658. Built the Taj Mahal around 1650. His expansion efforts emptied the treasury and raised taxes on his people most of whom were living in poverty. Aurangzeb assumed control and social tension grew because of his domestic policy.

13. Society in India British influence in Calcutta and Madras. The British East India Company traded cotton for spices. In 1757 Britain defeated Mogul forces in Calcutta (Battle of Plassey) and gained control of the surrounding areas, after this battle the British were there to stay. Mix of Muslim and Hindu cultures Greater disparity among Merchants and Common People

14. Discussion Questions 1. What problems were there with mixing Hindu and Muslim cultures? 2. What is the chief difference in the political systems of America and Muslim empires? 3. What are some recent trends in India and how does it relate to America?