The Emergence of the United States as a World Power

Chapter 7 World War I and Its Aftermath

An Overview Nations New deadly technology 30 Million Dead Cost $350 Billion Ended 4 Empires & redrew the map of Europe First “Total War” Set stage for WWII 20 yrs later WWI

I. Outbreak of WWI – Europe A. Causes of WWI (MAIN) 1. Militarism: Militarism = a policy of aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces and the willingness to use force to settle international problems a. each European nation wanted stronger armed forces than those of any potential enemy

b. Many European nations had large armies b/c of conscription conscription: requiring people to enter military service 1) Germany’s army was the largest and best equipped 2) To keep up, other nations increased conscription to strengthen their forces

c. Naval Race 1) British Navy was the strongest in the world. 2) Germany hoped to become a major naval power to compete with Britain 3) Naval Race is on - eventually France, Italy, Japan and US join this naval race

d. Arms Race: stockpiling of new weapons and ammunition mustard gas U Boats Flame Throwers tanks machine guns airplanes Zeppelins new hand grenades and more!

2. entangling Alliances: Mutual Defense Alliance = agreement where member nations are bound to come to each other’s aid in the event of attack or threat a. European leaders believed that alliances provided nat’l security by creating a balance of power in Europe. * opposing alliances of relatively equal strength = peace

b. The Main Alliances in Europe 1) Triple Alliance = Germany Austria-Hungary Italy 2) Triple Entente = France Britain Russia

Entangling Alliances

c. The danger of alliances: When a member of an alliance was threatened, other members are pledged to support it. So…. Localized skirmishes could easily grow into full scale war.

d. How alliances contributed to WWI 1) Austria-Hungary and Serbia belonged to rival alliances 2) Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand 3) The members of opposing alliances became involved and war spread throughout Europe

3. Imperialism: competition to develop vast empires caused tension and conflict imperialism: the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation a. Europeans competed for new colonies in the quest for territory, raw materials, and markets for manufactured goods b. As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in the contest for colonies Competition for Samoan islands

4. Nationalism: (2 definitions – both in play in Europe) a. nationalism 1: a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries - nations behaving in their own self- interest led to conflict when such actions went against the nat’l interest of an opposing nation

b. nationalism 2: a desire by a large group of people (such as people who share the same culture, history, language, etc) to form a separate and independent country of their own. 1) the quest for self-determination among these ethnic groups led to conflict self-determination: the belief that nations should have their own country and gov’t 2) Slavic groups in Austria-Hungary wanted independence 3) movement to unite German- speaking people of the region

B. The Spark that ignites WWI June 14, The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand a. heir to? Austria-Hungary throne b. by whom? Gabriel Principe (Bosnian Serb, a member of Black Hand – a group of Bosnians who wanted freedom from Serbia)

Gavrilo Princip – the assassin The Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family

2. The Guns of August- Who’s shootin’ who? July 28,1914: Austria-H declares war on Serbia - Russia begins mobilizing Aug. 1,1914 – Germany declares war on Russia - France begins mobilizing Aug. 3,1914 – Germany declares war on France Aug 4,1914 – Germany invades Belgium (rape of Belgium) - Britain declares war on Germany Aug 6, 1914 – Austria-H declares war on Russia Aug 12, 1914 – France and Britain declare war on Austria-H Whew!...

Entangling Alliances in Action This cartoon - 'A Chain of Friendship' - appeared in the American newspaper the Brooklyn Eagle in July The caption read: “If Austria attacks Serbia, Russia will fall upon Austria, Germany upon Russia, and France and England upon Germany.”

C. The War 1. Who’s fightin’ who? a. Central Powers = Austria-Hungary + Germany + Ottoman Empire + Bulgaria b. Allies = France + Russia + Britain + Italy + others

WWI Allies Central Powers Neutral (remember, Belgium started out neutral. Why’d they switch?)

2. Germany’s strategy? The Schlieffen Plan a. plan: to defeat France in the west 1 st then take on the Russians in the east. b. problem: to get to France, must go through neutral Belgium - international outrage! The Schlieffen Plan The Rape of Belgium Aug 4, 1914

3. Battle of Stalluponen Aug 17, 1914: Russian Army enters East Prussia (Germany) a. forces Germany into 2 front war b. Germany successful on eastern front – Russia suffers

4. First Battle of the Marne Sept 6-12,1914 a. western front battle b. German forces are just 30 miles from Paris c. French and British forces stop the German advance d. stalemate and trench warfare ensue The dotted line on the map shows how far the Germans had advanced into France before the First Battle of the Marne. As a result of the battle the Germans were pushed back to the solid line marked in red.

5. WWI at sea a. British Strategy? Naval Blockade of Germany + mine the North Sea 1) To keep Germany from obtaining supplies 2) Expanded definition of contraband contraband: goods whose importation, exportation, or possession is illegal b. German Strategy? Get around blockade with Unrestricted Submarine Warfare 1) U-boats plan to sink without warning any ship in water around Britain 2) violation of int’l treaty requiring military vessels to reveal their intentions to merchant ships and make provisions for safety of the targeted ship’s crew and passengers before sinking it - Germans claim that many merchant ships were actually warships in disguise.

The German U-Boat

II. The American view of WWI in Europe A. The US declares official neutrality Aug 4, 1914 but… neutrality: the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict 1. The American population picks sides a. German immigrants support Central Powers b. Irish immigrants also supported Central Powers. Why? Irish resented centuries of British Rule c. most Americans, however, support Allies. Why? 1) British heritage 2) English language 3) British political ideals 4) historic links w/ France (Am. Revolution)

The Public Opinion Factor

2. Govt, Military very Pro-British 3. US business and banks favored Allies a. already strong trade ties with Allied countries b. banks invest in Allied victory – made loans to Allies (up to $2B in 1917). - so…if Allies won, $ would be paid back)

The Economic Factor

4. Role of Propaganda propaganda: information designed to influence opinion a. used by both Allies & Central Powers b. Brits = most skilled propaganda 1) painted Germans as aggressors in war, as vicious and bloodthirsty 2) cut transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to US - limited news to mainly British reports

British Propaganda

5. The Lusitania, a British passenger liner was sunk by Germany May 7, 1915 a. Germany had declared the seas around Britain to be a war-zone. The German embassy in the US published a newspaper ad warning people not to sail on ships traveling in the war zone b. Germany torpedoed the Lusitania off the SE coast of Ireland c passengers killed, including 128 Americans

d. a wave of protests and complaints against Germany erupts e. US insists that German gov’t safeguard the lives of noncombatants f. The US does not declare war on Germany until 1917, but this event turned public opinion solidly against Germany

c. Sussex Pledge – Germans promise to sink no more merchant ships w/o warning - scenario behind the pledge: U-boat sinks French passenger ship Sussex, injuring several Americans. Wilson threatens war if Germany does not abandon its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare! 1916 – Wilson reelected as “peace” candidate.

I.US declares War – why? (2 major causes of US entry into WWI) 1. Zimmermann Telegram Jan a. Brit gov’t intercepts message from German ambassador Zimmermann to the Mexican gov’t b. Telegram asks Mexico to attack the US if war broke out between the US and Germany c. in exchange, Mexico would regain its “lost territory” in TX, AZ, NM after the war. d. Americans outraged!

2. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Feb 1917 a. Feb-March 1917 – Germany sinks 6 US merchant ships w/o warning b. April 1917 – Wilson asks Congress for Declaration of War 3. April 6, 1917 US declaration of War against Germany Senate vote: 82 to 6

II. The Home Front A. Building up the Military 1. Selective Service (conscription) a. Progressives against conscription b. Selective Service - ~ 2.8 M drafted 1) men register for draft 2) LOTTERY randomly determined order men called 3) Local draft boards run systems – civilian

2. Volunteers for War a. 2 M volunteered - why? Patriotism + “push the Hun back from trench to trench”

3. Black Americans at War a. 400,000 drafted – 42,000 in combat b. discrimination and prejudice and segregation c. fought with distinction Some of the Colored men of the 369th (15th NY) who won the Croix de Guerre for gallantry in action World War I Congressional Medal of Honor Recipient: Corporal Freddie Stowers, U.S. Army

4. Women in the Military a. WWI: 1 st time women served in armed forces (non-combat) b. Navy enlisted women for clerical needs. c. Army didn’t enlist. Only women overseas = nurses

B. Organizing Industry 1. Scientific Mgmt Approach – Congress created special boards to EFFICIENTLY manage biz and govt a. War Industries Board : Goal? organize industry to increase efficiency, maximize production - Led by Bernard Baruch Did you know? When America entered World War I in 1917, chairman of the War Industries board Bernard Baruch asked women to take off their corsets to conserve steel. Some 28,000 tons was diverted, enough to build an entire battleship.

b. Food – Food Administration: Goal? To increase food production while reducing civilian consumption - run by Herbert Hoover. “Food will win war – don’t waste it” 1) “hooverize” – “serve just enough” “wheatless Mondays” etc 2) Victory Gardens – raise own vegetables to leave more for the troops

c. Fuel Administration: Goal? To increase production of coal & oil, maintain conservation of fuel - led by Harry Garfield - Daylight Savings Time + shortened workweek for factories not making war materials

d. Paying for the War 1) increased income taxes 2) taxes on corporate profits 3) extra tax on profits of arms factories 4) ****** Most successful **** - LIBERTY BOND sales - raised $20B What do you think the bloody hand and knife represent (in other words, what was the menace of the seas)?

C. Mobilizing the Workforce 1. National War Labor Board – maintained cooperation between industry mgmt and labor unions; acted as mediators to prevent and quickly settle disputes - thus, labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production

2. Women support Industry - More opportunities – not permanent

3. Great Migration Begins a. immigration from Europe cut off & white workers drafted b. blacks moved from the RURAL SOUTH to settle in NORTHERN CITIES why? - higher pay, lots of work c. changed racial makeup of Chicago, NY, Cleveland, Detroit & other northern cities

The Great Migration

4. Mexican Americans Head North a. Mexican Nationals migrated to TX, AZ, CA, NM to provide farm labor for farm and ranches of the SW. b. MX-Ams move to cities for wartime factory jobs

D. Ensuring Public Support 1. Selling the War a. Committee on Public Info – led by journalist George Creel. – “sell” the war to the public:” - sway public opinion in favor of war b. four-minute speeches” – urged audiences to support war – buy bonds, report draft dodgers, etc

American Propaganda

America’s Most Famous WWI Poster

2. Civil Liberties Curtailed a. Fight antiwar activities or enemies at home b. Espionage Act of 1917 – penalties & prison terms for giving aid to enemy. Also for disloyalty, giving false reports, interfering with war effort c.Sedition Act of 1918 – illegal to make public expression of opposition to war – prosecute anyone who criticized President or gov’t

3. Climate of Suspicion a. fear of spies and emphasis on patriotism led to: mistreatment and persecution of German Americans b. German language dropped from school curricula, stopped playing German composers c. mobs attacked labor activists, socialists, & pacifists d. newspapers urged Americans to monitor activities of fellow citizens e. organizations to spy on neighbors and coworkers

4. Supreme Court Limits Free Speech a.Schenck v. US (1919) – individuals’ freedom of speech limited when words constitute a “CLEAR & PRESENT DANGER” - especially to the war effort - upheld convictions under the Espionage Act

III.A Bloody Conflict A. Combat in WWI 1. Trench Warfare a. Network of trenches stretching from English Channel to Swiss border b. Why? Old Strategies, New Technology: Rapid Firing Machine Gun. c. “no man’s land” = land between opposing forces trenches

Major Fronts of WWI

d. The Process? 1) artillery barrages 2) bayonet charge 3) grenades in to enemy trenches e. The Results? 1) artillery rarely destroyed enemy defense 2) charging troops stopped by machine gun/rifle fire 3) high casualties on both sides 4) stalemate

Trench Warfare

2. More new technology a. German: poison gas; gas masks b. British: Tanks – slow, unreliable c. Airplanes: 1 st used to observe enemy activities. Then, bricks dropped, then small bombs dropped, then machine guns, = dogfights

Weapons of Mass Destruction

B. The Americans and Victory Americans = “doughboys” 1.Winning War at Sea a. No American troop ships sunk on their way to Europe. Why? b. Convoys: US merchant/troop ships travel in groups, escorted by warships

2. Russia leaves the War a. Russia war weary, short on food & fuel b. Czar Nicholas II abdicates March 1917 c. Bolsheviks (group of Communists) led by Vladimir Lenin - took over Russian gov’t in Nov “Peace, Land, Bread” d. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 – Russia pulls out of war – gives to Germany: Ukraine, Polish Baltic Territory. Germany removes army from other Russian land – can now concentrate on their Western Front

3. German Offensive Falters a. Germans push within 40 mi. of Paris March 1918 b. Americans launch major attack in late May 1918 c. American/French troops block Germans advance to Paris 4. Battle of Argonne Forest a. Americans led by Gen. Pershing attack German forces Sept 1918 b. Heavy casualties on American sides, but Americans open hole in German lines.

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Spotlight on.. General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing West Point 1886 Led black Army 9 th & 10 th Cavalry against Plains Indians (1896) Spanish American War (1898) Philippine Insurrection (1903) Led Mexican Punitive expedition against Pancho Villa (1915) Commander-in-Chief of American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF) WWI

5. The War Ends a. Revolution in Austria-Hungary b. Ottoman Turks surrendered c. Germans rebel forcing emperor Kaiser Wilhelm to step down d. Cease-fire: 11 th hour of 11 th day of 11 th month, armistice ends war Armistice Day - France

C. Flawed Peace 1.The Big Four – the victors a. **Germans not invited to negotiations b. Who were the Big Four? 1) US: Pres. Wilson 2) Great Britain: PM David Lloyd George 3) France: Premier Georges Clemenceau 4) Italy: PM Vittorio Orlando George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson

2. Wilson’s Fourteen Points a. 1 st 5 pts: eliminate causes of war thru free trade, disarmament, freedom of the seas, impartial adjustment to colonial claims, open diplomacy - not secret agreements b. Next 8 pts: Right of Self-Determination - Also, Central Powers must evacuate France, Belgium, Russia c. Fourteenth Point: *** The most important to Wilson**- the creation of the League of Nations - to preserve peace & prevent future wars by pledging to respect and protect e/o territory and political independence

14 Points Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between powers Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and war Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be removed Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should reduce their armed forces to the lowest possible levels Colonies - People in European colonies should have a say in their future Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate whatever government it wanted and that government should be accepted, supported and welcomed. Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated and restored to the situation before the war. France - should have Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken away during the war restored. Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted according to nationality National Self -Determination - The national groups in Europe should, wherever possible, be given their independence. Romania, Montenegro and Serbia - Should be evacuated and Serbia should have an outlet to the sea Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say in their future Poland - Poland should become an independent state with an outlet to the sea. League of Nations - An assembly of all nations should be formed to protect world peace in the future

3. Treaty of Versailles - signed by Germany 6/28/1919…some provisions: a. Germany stripped of armed forces b. Germany had to pay reparations ($33B) c. Germany had to acknowledge guilt for WWI d. Germany gives up colonies

4. Results of the Treaty of Versailles a. Dissolution of 4 Empires: Russian, Ottoman, German, Austria-Hungary b. New countries created: Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia

5. US Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles a. Senators led by Henry Cabot Lodge felt League of Nations was an “entangling alliance” - feared the League might supercede the power of Congress to declare war & might force US to fight in foreign conflicts b. Senators (reservationists) supported League, but wanted amendment that would preserve US freedom to act independently - Wilson wanted to ratify treaty w/o changes c. Senate never ratified treaty – after Wilson out of office, made separate treaties w/ each Central Power nation d. League of Nations formed – but w/o US

Message?

IV. The Wars Impact A. An Economy in Turmoil 1. War Over a. govt removes controls from US economy b. people now race to buy goods that had been rationed c. biz raised prices that they had been forced to keep low during war 2. The Result? Inflation

3. Inflation leads to strikes a. workers want higher wages to keep up w/ inflation b. biz wants to hold down wages as inflation driving their operating costs up c. By end of 1919, more than 3,600 strikes d. Boston Police Strike - MA Gov, Calvin Coolidge - proclaims no right to strike at expense of public safety. He gains widespread public support e. Steel Strike - set back for union cause steel industry

B. Racial Unrest 1. US soldiers return from Europe a. look for work, but now competing w/ black Americans who moved to northern cities during war b. leads to race riots – Chicago 1919 A white gang looking for blacks during the Chicago race riots of 1919.

C. The Red Scare strikes + Bolshevik Rev. = growth of anti- Communism - fear that Communists were conspiring to start a revolution in US too. 2. Immigrants blamed for importing radical socialist, communist ideas to US 3. USSR formed Communist Int'l to coordinate activities of Communist parties in other countries

4. Red Scare begins a. strikes lead to fear that Communists trying to seize power b. April 1919: USPS intercepts bomb-laden parcels. c. June 1919: 8 bombs in 8 cities. Nationwide conspiracy??? - must be work of communists trying to destroy US way of life

5. The Palmer Raids a. General Intelligence Division (later FBI) led by J. Edger Hoover. - special div. w/in Justice Dept to deal w/ issue b. Atty Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer organized raids hdqtrs of radical orgs. - raids focus on foreign residents & immigrants - detain thousands, deport appx civil liberties denied ( no search warrant, jailed indefinitely) c. Raids fail to turn up any real evidence of conspiracy d. Red Scare leads to limits on immigration

Palmer Raids By early 1920, more than five thousand people were arrested in what became known as the "Palmer Raids." Goldman's Mother Earth office was among the first to be ransacked in 1917

Immigration Restrictions

D. End of Progressivism 1. Call for return of simple days before Progressive Reform & WWI - "normalcy" 2. Warren G. Harding (R) elected in US tired of crusades to reform society & the world