The differences within the movement

Swiss Reformers  Huldrych Zwingli, a priest, led the Protestant movement in Switzerland in the early 1500s.  Like Luther, stressed salvation by faith alone  Unlike Luther, wanted to break completely from Catholic tradition and establish a theocracy, or church-run state, in Zurich  In 1525 he did but soon after civil war broke out over Protestant activity and Zwingli and his force were defeated by an army of Catholics

John Calvin  Grew up in Catholic France at the start of the Reformation  Educated in theology (study of religion), law, and humanism  He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536

Calvin’s Theology  Belief that God possessed all- encompassing power and knowledge  God determines the fate of every person  He called this doctrine predestination (Don’t worry about it, it’s already been decided!)

Consistory  Calvin tried to turn Geneva into a model religious community  Established the Consistory, a church council of 12 elders  They were given power to control almost every aspect of people’s lives

Citizens  All citizens had to attend Reformed church services several times a week  The Consistory inspected homes annually to make sure that no one was disobeying laws  Harsh punishments were dispensed to people who disobeyed the laws NO…  Drunkenness  Fighting  Swearing  Gambling  Card playing  Dancing

The Success of Calvinism  It was led by local councils of ministers and elected church members so it was easy to establish in most countries  It had a somewhat democratic structure which inspired intense loyalty  Calvinism became a dynamic social force in western Europe  Expands the Protestant Movement!

John Knox  Leader of Scotland Reformation  Said to “Obey rulers as long as they do not disobey God.”

Radical Reformers  Called the Anabaptists  Initiated only adult members by baptism  This was contrast to Catholic and Protestant faiths which baptized infants  Chose to separate themselves from what they saw as a sinful society

Anabaptists  In 1534 some fanatical Anabaptists seized Munster, Germany  Burned books, seized property, and practiced polygamy (having more than one wife)  Lutherans and Catholics united to kill all Anabaptists so many survivors fled to America  Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

England’s Church  King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his wife Queen Catherine of Aragon (a Spanish princess)  He believed Catherine was too old to have more children and she had given him no heir to the throne  He decided to marry the seductive Anne Boleyn

No Divorce!  The Pope refused Henry’s request for a divorce  So, Henry passed a series of laws that separated the English Church from the Pope  The Act of Supremacy passed in 1534 made Henry the head of the English Church instead of the Pope  He was then freed from marriage with Catherine and married Anne

An Absolute Monarch  To show that breaking from the Catholic Church was the will of the English people, not merely a whim of his own

Henry’s Women  Catherine of Aragon – divorced  Anne Boleyn – beheaded (adultery)  Jane Seymour – died after birth to Edward  Anne of Cleves – divorced (immediately)  Catherine Howard – beheaded (adultery)  Catherine Parr - survived

Catherine of Aragon  Henry’s first Queen  Loved by England, true and virtuous Queen  Has daughter---Mary (will become known as Bloody Mary)  Henry divorced Catherine for Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn  Once Henry’s mistress, becomes Queen when Henry announces divorce from Catherine  Miscarries many children  Has one healthy baby girl Daughter—Elizabeth  Henry orders Anne’s execution for adultery, or cheating on him

Elizabeth I  Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn  After Mary I (“Bloody Mary”) tries to re-establish Catholicism in England, Elizabeth I tries to reconcile (“bring together”) Catholics and Protestants  Establishes the Anglican Church which mixed Catholic and Protestant theology and ritual - official religion!  Results in some religious tolerance in England