The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 The FIRST continent-wide war in modern history!!!! Culmination of religious wars from the 16 th century!!!! And it ends.

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Presentation transcript:

The Thirty Years’ War The FIRST continent-wide war in modern history!!!! Culmination of religious wars from the 16 th century!!!! And it ends with... Peace of Westphalia: 1648

What kind of war? not just a religious war German civil war of religion German civil war of constitutional issues International war between France & Habsburgs, Spain & Dutch. Kings of Denmark & Sweden and prince of Transylvanian become involved War of horrific violence: loss of life & destruction of property majority of battles fought on German soil generals were soldiers of fortune with their own designs on land, wealth & power

Religious/Political Reasons for War? Peace of Augsburg – solved nothing Granted rights to Lutherans, but other Protestant religions left out Large minority of Calvinists and Calvinist princes now also exist in the Northern German States – they want official recognition and the right to practice their religion Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor and elected King of Bohemia devout Catholic who wants to bring his dominion under one church Begins his fight in Bohemia after Protestant rebel against the closing of their churches

Four Phases of the War Phase I = Bohemian (Czechs) ( ) begins with Defenestration of Prague 1620 Battle of White Mountain Protestant forces defeated by Imperial forces RESULTS: Re-Catholicization of Bohemia

Four Phases of the War Phase II = Danish ( ) Denmark ’ s King Christian IV (a.k.a. Duke of Holstein) vs. Ferdinand II Ferdinand II wins under gen. Wallenstein who plunders Germany and Danes RESULTS: Germany is completely engulfed by the Counter Reformation 1629 HRE issues “ Edict of Restitution ” : All Catholic states pre Peace of Augsburg (1555) are restored as Catholic Terror sweeps Germany, France, Denmark & Sweden

Four Phases of the War Phase III: Swedish ( ) Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany to take over fight for Protestantism in the meantime...French Cardinal Richelieu has turned Catholic states of HRE against Ferdinand II Why? Richelieu and Louis XIII are concerned with the power of the Habsburgs and will do anything necessary to break it Protestant victories at 1631 Breitenfeld & 1632 Lützen where GA dies in battle RESULTS: Ferdinand realizes that he cannot root out Protestantism SO he concedes to tolerations of Lutherans = Peace of Prague, 1635

Four Phases of the War Phase IV: French-Swedish ( ) French King Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu and Swedes keep up the fighting for another 11 years Greatest concern is the power of the Habsburgs – if the war ends and the Habsburgs reconcile with the Protestants how strong will the Holy Roman Emperor be? Other countries involved in this stage include Spain and Switzerland fighting however occurs only in German States War finally comes to an end in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia Results: see next slide

Final Results Germany devastated! Some areas 2/3 population dead Holy Roman Empire stagnates borderlands fall away DUTCH REPUBLIC& SWITZERLAND gain INDEPENDENCE no laws may be made, taxes levied, soldiers recruited, war waged or peace treaty signed without approval of imperial estates Germany sinks back into “ feudal chaos ” Habsburgs weakened Austria losses power over HRE and Switzerland Spain losses Portugal, Catalonia and Dutch Republic Religious Wars END!!! = permanent split in Christendom FRANCE begins to rise!

Small Group Assignment With you small group read the text on page 429 in your textbook and do one of the following write a short 90 second news sound bite that sums up the experience portrayed in the text (serious not satire) create a series of “tweets” or facebook status updates that reflect the experiences portrayed in the text (satire)