 Social Loafing ◦ Tendency of some people to avoid responsibility by free riding in groups

 Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. Henry Ford  Individual commitment to a group effort - that is what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilization work. Vince Lombardi  Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision. The ability to direct individual accomplishments toward organizational objectives. It is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results. Andrew Carnegie

1. Formal Groups are officially recognized and supported by an organization for a specific purpose. They are part of the organization’s structure and may be referred to as committees, departments, units, team, or divisions. 2. Informal Groups arise if an opportunity exists. They emerge naturally or spontaneously to fill emotional, social, or psychological needs 3. Virtual Teams or electronic work groups are increasingly common in the 21 st century. These individuals do not meet face-to-face; rather, they work together and solve problems using computer technology.

CharacteristicGroups Teams Composition - can change from meeting to meeting, often without forethought. - planned and thought-out. Members - encouraged to take on jobs, positions, or tasks even if they are unprepared or not skilled in that area. - are recruited, groomed, and trained for specific jobs that match their interests and the needs of the team. Leadership- is often highly dependent on one person as the leader. - has a formally appointed leader, but the leader understands the importance of training other team members to prepare for the day they will lead.

CharacteristicGroups Teams Performance -usually do not celebrate or debrief victories or defeats. - rarely acknowledges the failure or performance. - regularly review performance and prepare for the next piece of work based on the evaluation of the last piece of work. - the team suffers with poor performance. - will help the person to develop the necessary skills, move him/her to another position, or remove him/her from the team. Progress- rarely assess their progress in achieving their stated goals or objectives in order to chart and measure their work. -know at most times how they are doing, ie. winning, scoring, or moving toward their stated goals.

Characterist ic Groups Teams Routines - rarely create routine operations. - have rituals, routines, and ceremonies that everyone learns and shares. Team spirit -sometimes fail to develop a sense of team spirit. -assume everyone understands and works together. - build team spirit into their plans and make sure to affirm and celebrate the work they accomplish together. Time- often inconsistent in what time things start and end. -Time is important to teams. - Most events have specific starting and ending times. - Often judged by what they can accomplish within a certain time frame.

 A team which is effective is made up of members with complementary skills, who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and an approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.  Effective teams pull together in the same direction to achieve the team’s goals.

 A norm is an attitude, belief, or behaviour that is expected of team members.  Norms define how a group member is expected to think or act.  Examples of positive norms include: expected level of contribution, timeliness, attendance, quality of work, effective communication, and guidelines for conflict resolution.  If a group member violates a norm, there are usually consequences; in the worst case, the consequence is expulsion from the team.

 explicit statements ◦ by supervisors or co-workers about expected behaviour;  critical events ◦ in the group’s history which help to establish precedents about expected behaviour;  primacy, ◦ i.e., the first behaviour pattern that emerges in a group often becomes a group norm about expected behaviour; and  carry-over behaviours from past situations, ◦ i.e., individuals bring norms with them from their other work groups, organizations, or cultures.

 Cohesiveness is the degree to which individuals are motivated to become and remain members of a team.  Cohesive teams stick together to pursue their goals and objectives.

 A manager has four important roles when it comes to working with a team.  (1) A supervisor is the official leader of the team. (2) A facilitator acts as catalyst or mediator as needed. (3) A participant contributes as a member of the team. (4) A coach is a mentor to help develop team members’ skills.