Plains and Puebloan Cultures Essential Questions: How does geography influence the way people live? How does technology change the way people live?

Puebloan and Plains PUEBLOAN Jornada Tigua -Jumano PLAINS -Jumano Tonkawa Apache Comanche Kiowa

The Puebloan Culture Area (Adobe Villages, Crops) West and Southwest Texas Settled village life Homes made of adobe (dry mud) 2 Groups: Jornada and Tigua

Jornada Lived in ancient times but disappeared about the year 1400 (believed to have joined other groups – assimilated)

Tigua Near present-day El Paso Named home Ysleta del Sur (South) - Migrated from New Mexico Kinship was matrilineal (followed Mom’s line) Later, Tigua adopted European custom through the father (patrilineal) Tribal council (males voted) Chose 2 leaders: 1) Cacique (religious leader) 2) Governor (political leader) TODAY: Live on a reservation in Texas (one of 3 tribes that remain in Texas)

The Plains Culture (Nomadic, Tepees, Buffalo Hunters) Great Plains Hunted bison (nomadic) Lived in Tepees

Jumano Split between Plains and Puebloan Cultures Acted as middlemen (go-betweens) for eastern (Caddo) and Puebloan tribes (Tigua) Traded crops and bows and arrows for skins and meats Distinct striped markings on their faces (peaceful traders) Apaches took over their territory TODAY: Disappeared from Texas (moved to Mexico or joined other groups)

Tonkawa Tepee villages Nomadic hunters and fighters Warfare and disease decreased size of tribe TODAY: Reservations in Oklahoma

Apache 2 groups: Mescalero (West Texas) and Lipan (Central Texas) Hunted buffalo Adopted use of horses from Europeans Enemies of Comanche and Kiowa TODAY: Reservations in New Mexico

Comanche Comancheria (their territory) Used Horses Hunted Buffalo (bows and arrows) Divided into bands (men) 2 Chiefs: Peace and War Fought to keep control of Comancheria TODAY: Forced in the 1870s to move on reservations in Oklahoma

Kiowa Nomadic life of bison hunting Had the largest horse herds on the Plains Peace agreement with the Comanche (allies) TODAY: Forced in the 1870s to move on reservations in Oklahoma

1. Why might peoples living in early East Texas and New Mexico have needed middlemen to conduct trade? If they did not travel away from home, they would need someone to transport their goods as well as the goods they wanted from the other area.

2. How did the ways of life of the Puebloan culture differ from that of the Plains? The people of the Puebloan culture lived in settled villages and farmed. The Plains peoples mainly hunted bison and lived as nomads.

3. Why might some Tigua have left New Mexico with the Spanish after the Puebloan Revolt? They had better relations with the Spanish than other Puebloan people in New Mexico.

4. How was what happened to the Jumano similar to what happened to the Apache? The Jumano were driven off their land by the stronger Apache, and the Apache were later driven off that same land by the stronger Comanche.

5. How did the homes of the Puebloan and Plains peoples differ? The Puebloan homes were made of dried earth and were permanent. Plains homes were made of hides and could be moved easily.

6. Summarize the section on the Puebloan or Plains cultures by stating the main idea of the section and providing supporting details. The people of the Puebloan culture lived in settled villages with homes made of adobe and lived by farming. The earliest group in this area was the Jornada, who lived near Hueco Tanks because that was a source of water for their farming. The later group was the Tigua, who came to Texas with the Spanish.